Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
6
EnvironmentalFate
andTransport
Chris E. Mackay and Kim M. Henry
AMECEarth&Environmental
Contents
6.1. Introduction................................................................................................. 124
6.2. Nature.of.Nanomaterials.in.the.Environment............................................. 125
6.2.1. Physical.Manifestation.of.Nanomaterials:.Particle.Size.
Distribution.and.Formation.of.Mobile.Suspensions......................... 125
6.2.2. Chemical.Forces.Acting.on.Nanomaterials...................................... 128
6.2.2.1. Electrostatic.or.Coulomb.Force.......................................... 130
6.2.2.2. van.der.Waals.Forces.......................................................... 131
6.2.2.3. Solvency.Force.................................................................... 132
6.2.3. Implications.of.Polymorphism......................................................... 132
6.3. Predicting.the.Behavior.of.Nanomaterials.in.the.Environment.................. 133
6.3.1. Predicting.Temporal.Reaction.Rates:.Chain.Interactions................ 134
6.3.2. Predicting.Temporal.Reaction.Rates:.Estimating.Particle.
Afinities........................................................................................... 139
6.3.3. Nanoparticle.Afinity.and.Inter-Particle.Force.Fields...................... 140
6.3.3.1. Coulomb.Energy................................................................. 140
6.3.3.2. van.der.Waals.Energy......................................................... 141
6.3.4. Prediction.of.Probability.of.Product.Formation............................... 143
6.3.5. Summary.......................................................................................... 144
6.4. Research.Results.......................................................................................... 145
6.4.1. Surface.Water.and.Sediment............................................................ 146
6.4.2. Groundwater..................................................................................... 148
6.5. Conclusions.................................................................................................. 150
6.6. List.of.Symbols............................................................................................ 151
References............................................................................................................... 152
The.movement.and.transformation.of.materials.within.an.environmental.setting.is.a.
very.important.consideration.when.evaluating.the.risks.associated.with.their.release.
The.greater.a.material's.stability,.in.terms.of.low.chemical.reactivity.and.ready.sus-
pension.in.luid.environmental.media,.the.greater.its.potential.for.distribution.and.
therefore.the.wider.the.potential.scope.of.exposure.(area,.number.of.receptors,.types.
of.habitats,.etc.).
