Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
5
Analysesof
Nanoparticlesin
theEnvironment
Marilyn Hoyt
AMECEarth&Environmental
Contents
5.1. Analytical.Methods..................................................................................... 101
5.1.1. Nanoparticle.Imaging:.Size,.Shape,.and.Chemical.Composition.... 101
5.1.1.1. Electron.Microscopy........................................................... 101
5.1.1.2. Scanning.Probe.Microscopy.(SPM)................................... 106
5.1.2. Compositional.Analysis.................................................................... 108
5.1.2.1. Single.Particle.Mass.Spectrometer..................................... 108
5.1.2.2. Particle-Induced.X-Ray.Emission.(PIXE).......................... 109
5.1.3. Surface.Area:.Product.Characterization.and.Air.Monitoring.......... 109
5.1.3.1. The.Brunauer.Emmett.Teller.(BET).Method..................... 109
5.1.3.2. Epiphaniometer................................................................... 109
5.1.3.3. Aerosol.Diffusion.Charger.................................................. 110
5.1.4. Size.Distribution............................................................................... 110
5.1.4.1. Electrostatic.Classiiers....................................................... 110
5.1.4.2. Real-Time.Inertial.Impactor:.Cascade.Impactors............... 110
5.1.4.3. Electrical.Low.Pressure.Impactor.(ELPI).......................... 111
5.1.4.4. Dynamic.Light.Scattering.(DLS)....................................... 111
5.2. Workplace.Air.Monitoring.......................................................................... 112
5.2.1. Condensation.Particle.Counter.(CPC).............................................. 113
5.2.2. Surface.Area:.Total.Exposure.......................................................... 113
5.3. Sampling.and.Analysis.of.Waters.and.Soils.for.Nanoparticles................... 114
5.4. Nanotechnology.Measurement.Research.and.Future.Directions................ 115
5.4.1. United.States..................................................................................... 115
5.4.1.1. NIOSH................................................................................ 115
5.4.1.2. U.S..Government-Sponsored.Research............................... 117
5.4.1.3. National.Institute.of.Standards.and.Technology.(NIST).... 117
5.4.2. European.Union................................................................................ 118
5.4.3. Asia-Paciic....................................................................................... 118
5.5. Summary.......................................................................................... 119
References............................................................................................................... 119
