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modate differences in stem cell potential and rate of differentiation, as may be found
between patients, by synchronising the release of drugs with the completion of each
stage of differentiation.
The best method for incorporating complex spatial information into implants is
probably further development of 3D printing of scaffolds together with cells and/or
drugs. However, it is necessary to further investigate the degree of spatially restricted
drug function when using such approaches, and it remains to be seen whether tem-
porally controlled release of different drugs can be achieved in a printed scaffold.
Currently, too few materials are designed to incorporate the knowledge on sequen-
tial or temporal function of differentiation cues, and to our knowledge, no approach
has yet to try and incorporate both temporal and spatial information on differentia-
tion cues, such as miRNA expression, into implant design. If tissue engineering is
to replicate nature's ingenious way of making organs, this needs to change.
References
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