Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12. (Continued)
Site
N
2
O
emission
(kg N
ha
-1
yr
-1
)
N input
(kg N
ha
-1
yr
-1
)
Precipitation
(mm)
Temperature
(°C)
STN
(g kg
-1
)
pH
SOC
(g kg
-1
)
Reference
Siggen,
Germany
2.96
200
792
7.5
4.6
7.0
47.2
Stephan &
Karl
(2001)
Heino,
Netherlands
3.10-
13.20
313-
743
868-995
9.5-10.5
-
-
-
Velthof
and
Oenema
(1995),
Velthof et
al. (1996)
Zegveld,
Netherlands
11.90-
17.30
521-
713
820-894
9.5-10.5
-
-
-
Velthof &
Oenema
(1995),
Velthof et
al. (1996)
Hokkaido, Japan
3.50-
9.90
270-
322
642-928
13.7-17.54
2.7
5.5
29.0
Kanako et
al. (2002)
Ithaca, USA
1.60-
3.80
130
756-926
7.6-7.9
-
-
-
Duxbury et
al. (1982)
Madison, USA
3.60-
5.20
181-
237
584
7.3
-
6.7
12.0
Cates &
Keeney
(1987)
New Delhi, India
1.09-
1.64
120
750
20
0.3
8.1
4.5
Pathak et
al. (2002)
Yucheng, China
2.90-
3.40
420-
480
610
13.1
0.5
7.9
4.5
Dong et al.
(2001)
Wuxi, China
3.38-
12.99
240-
500
1,144-1,150
15.4-18.3
-
6.8
15.0
Zheng et
al. (2004)
Table 13. N
2
O emission factor for N-input sources (in %) in different land use
Source N Input
Sand
Clay
Peat
Arable
land
Arable
land
Arable
land
Grassland
Grassland
Grassland
Nitrate based
fertilizer
1.00
0.50
1.50
0.75
2.00
1.00
Ammonium based
fertilizer
0.50
0.40
0.75
0.60
1.00
0.80
C
ONCLUSION
The reduction of the environmental burdens of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture can be
achieved by improving the production phase (by the use of Life Cycle Assessment
methodology) and the integrated logistic phase of distribution, and by using the better
management practices in the phase of field application. Environmental consequences of field
application of N fertilizers represents a key and complex topic, since the environmental
damages are affected by several factors: pedo-climatic conditions, crop types, soil and crop
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