Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 15.4 (Continued)
Water Quality Monitoring: Current Practices in Asia
Country/
Region
Nationwide Monitoring of Surface Water
(Rivers and Lakes)
Nationwide Marine Environmental
Monitoring
Not applicable.
Lao PDR
Public agencies (WEPA 2009) monitor 23
sites monthly (Komany 2008) for DO, salts
(Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO
4
), nutrients (NO
2
,
NO
3
, NH
4
, PO
4
, TP, SiO
2
), organic matter:
COD.
No metals but plans for As, Hg, Cd, Pb.
•Ad hoc
analyses may be carried out
(Komany 2008) for: pentachlorobenzene,
hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, endrin,
dieldrin, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH,
p
,
p
ʹ-DDE,
p
,
p
ʹ-DDD,
p
,
p
ʹ-DDT,
o
,
p
ʹ-DDT,
α-endosulfan, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane,
pentachloroaniline, quintozene, and
diazinon, plus 3 organophosphorous
pesticides (mevenphos, dichlorvos, and
parathion).
Cambodia
Ministry of Environment: annual
monitoring program with 12 monitoring
stations (WEPA 2009). Parameters include
water depth, pH, transparency, SS, DO,
BOD, TN, TP (EMCZ 2006).
Annual monitoring program with 8 stations.
Parameters include water depth, pH,
transparency, SS, DO, BOD, TN, TP (EMCZ
2006).
focused on the assessment of the biological effects induced by single chemical/compound
and limited to laboratory exposures (Liu and Wang 2007; Ji and Lu 2010). Comprehensive
field studies for validation of selected biomarkers are needed. Financial support, laws, and
policy related to biomonitoring are lagging behind chemical monitoring. Legislative mea-
sures and policy on chemical effluents have been implemented and enforced by authori-
ties at different levels. Regulatory authorities rarely apply biological data (biomarkers or
bioindicators) in environmental management.
15.4.3 South Korea
In South Korea, the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute has conducted
nationwide regular environmental monitoring since 1972, to assess coastal water qual-
ity and its impact on marine flora and fauna. Under this project, trace metals, nutrients,
POPs, and other physical/chemical/biological parameters in water, sediment, or biota are
being monitored (Wen 2005; Kim 2010). The program does not involve any biomarker-
based monitoring, although, since 2002, the government has supported research proj-
ects to develop biomarkers, such as physiological and molecular biomarkers for specific
target pollutants (e.g., POPs and endocrine disruptors). The Korea Ocean Research and
Development Institute has conducted many short-term monitoring and surveys on pollu-
tion levels and effects of pollutants on marine organisms such as marine gastropods and
bivalves. These research projects were funded by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and
Fisheries, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and by
other government agencies and the private sector (Wen 2005).
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