Biomarkers Currently Used in Environmental Monitoring - Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects - page 400

TABLE 15.4 (Continued)
Water Quality Monitoring: Current Practices in Asia

Country/
Region

Nationwide Monitoring of Surface Water
(Rivers and Lakes)

Nationwide Marine Environmental
Monitoring

The Philippines Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)

conducts regular water quality monitoring
(2001 to 2005—238 water bodies monitored
for classification or regular water quality
monitoring). Monthly or quarterly
monitoring (WEPA 2009) of parameters
that include:
•Primary parameters—pH, temperature,
SS, BOD, DO, fecal coliforms, nitrate,
phosphate, chloride
•Secondary parameters—ammonia,
barium, boron, fluoride, iron, sulfate,
CN, selected metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu,
Hg, Ni, Pb), organics (animal-vegetable
fat and oil, benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, xylene) (DENR-EMB
2008).

EMB: 39 bays and coasts (WEPA 2009) for
parameters including DO, coliforms, trace
metals.
Manila Bay has its own monitoring
program:
•Water quality parameters including DO,
pH, salinity, fecal and total coliforms,
nutrients, oil and grease in seawater
•Sediment, shellish, and other
benthos—trace metals and persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) (DENR-EMB
2007).

Thailand Pollution Control Department (PCD)

monitors water quality in rivers 3 to 4
times per year (WEPA 2009; Boonsoong
et al. 2010). Parameters (Morse et al.
2007) include: pH, DO, BOD, fecal and
total coliforms, nitrate, ammonia, phenols,
CN, selected trace metals, radioactivity,
organochlorine pesticides (DDT, alpha-
BHC, dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, endrin)
(PCD 2004a).

PCD monitors coastal water quality twice a
year, in 23 seaside provinces both rainy
and dry seasons at 100 and 500 m offshore.
Mainly physicochemical parameters
include floatable solids, floatable oil and
grease, pH, salinity, DO, fecal and total
coliforms, nitrate, phosphate, phenols,
ammonia, sulfide, selected trace metals,
radioactivity, PCBs, total organochlorine
pesticides (PCD 2004b).

Indonesia In 2006, 30 Regional Environmental Impact

Control Agencies monitored 35 rivers
(WEPA 2009) for mainly physicochemical
parameters including pH, SS, DO, BOD,
COD, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, P, chlorine,
phenol, oil and grease, detergent, fecal and
total coliforms (Syafrul 2009).

Ministry of the Environment conducts
regular monitoring for parameters
including turbidity, SS, pH, salinity, DO,
BOD, COD, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, CN,
H 2 S, oil, phenol, organochlorine pesticides,
PCB, detergent, trace metals, coliforms,
pathogens, plankton, radionuclides
(Hutomo 1993).

Vietnam Ministry of Environment and Natural

Resources (MoNRE): Surface water
monitored 4 times per year (Son 2008) for
parameters including pH, SS, turbidity,
conductivity, DO, BOD, COD, NH 4 , NO 3 ,
PO 4 . Cl − , SiO 2 , Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO 4 , HCO 3 ,
total Fe, total coliforms.
At particular sites trace metals and
pesticides may also be monitored (World
Bank 2006; Son 2008).

Ministry of Science, Technology, and
Environment of Vietnam (MOSTE): coastal
water monitoring addresses 29 parameters
for 3 categories: beaches, aquaculture, and
other areas (WEPA 2009), parameters
including BOD, COD, nutrients, trace
metals, pesticides, coliforms.
Phytoplankton and harmful microalgae are
also sampled at times (Dien and Thuoc
2003).