Consequences of Energy Metabolism Impairments - Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects - page 314

TABLE 12.2
Examples of Studies Investigating Influence of Chemical Exposure on Cellular Energy Allocation
under in situ or Laboratory Conditions

Material Used for
Measurements Exposure Species Effect Reference

Tributyltin chloride Neomysis integer Whole body Decrease Verslycke et al. 2003

Chlorpyrifos Neomysis integer Whole body Decrease Verslycke et al. 2004

Hg; Lindane Daphnia magna Whole body Decrease De Coen and Janssen

1997

Cd
Cr
TBT
2,4-D*
Lindane
PCP

Daphnia magna Whole body Decrease

Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease

De Coen and Janssen
2003

In situ
(transplantation)
pollution gradient

Dreissena polymorpha Whole body Decrease Smolders et al. 2004

Oil related
compounds

Gammarus setosus
Onisimus litoralis
Liocyma fluctuosa

Whole body Decrease

Increase
No change

Olsen et al. 2007

Oil related
compounds

Gammarus wilkitzkii Whole body Decrease Olsen et al. 2008

Cd, Zn, Cd+Zn
Cd, Zn, Cd+Zn

Melanoides
tuberculata
Helisoma duryi

Soft tissues Decrease Moolman et al. 2007

*2,4 dichloro phenoxyacetic (2,4-D).

Equation 12.1 shows the measurement of the CEA, where E a represents the available
energy in the organism (the sum of the energy contributions of the three energy con-
stituents: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins), E c is the consumed energy, t is the exposure
duration, and d t is the time derivate.
CEA has been successfully applied in laboratory and field studies (Table 12.2) in fresh-
water environments using daphnia and zebra mussel (Smolders et al. 2004) and gastro-
pods (Moolman et al. 2007); in estuarine environments using Neomysis integer (Verslycke
et al. 2004; Erk et al. 2008) and Mytilus galloprovincialis (Erk et al. 2011); and in polar marine
environments using Arctic benthic amphipods and bivalves (Olsen et al. 2007, 2008). The
CEA approach has been shown to be ecologically relevant as cellular effects have been
linked to higher levels of biological organization (De Coen and Janssen 2003; Smolders et
al. 2004). Moreover, a significant influence of natural factors such as salinity—a key factor
involved in osmoregulation processes—on CEA has been demonstrated in mussels ( M.
galloprovincialis ). The decrease in CEA value observed in mussels from the estuarine site
compared to those from the coastal site indicates a lower amount of energy available for
growth, reproduction, or defense against pollution and may implicate their susceptibility
to stress (Erk et al. 2011).

12.1.4 Scope for Growth

To cope with the suffered stress, an increase in the energy consumption of the basal meta-
bolic rate may result in a decrease in the energy invested into growth and/or reproduction.