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interpreted (Amiard-Triquet and Rainbow 2009; Ankley et al. 2010; Taylor and Maher 2010;
Mouneyrac and Amiard-Triquet, accepted). Ecologically relevant biomarkers such as lyso-
somal integrity (Chapter 5), immunotoxicity (Chapter 6), endocrine disruption (Chapters 8
and 9), behavior (Chapter 10), energy metabolism (Chapters 11, 12), and genomic biomark-
ers (Chapters 13, 14) appear to be promising candidates to fill the gap existing between
suborganismal and organismal responses to stress and effects occurring at higher levels
of biological organization.
The main objective of the present topic is to review biomarker research that examines
the effects of contaminants using an integrative approach. In order to improve the predic-
tive value of biomarkers, special attention will be devoted to biological responses that can
be observed at infra-individual or individual levels (early and sensitive warning signals)
but have a serious potential to reveal threats at supra-individual levels (population, com-
munity, ecosystem). For each category of biomarkers (biochemical, physiological, behav-
ioral, etc.), their usefulness for predictive (e.g., effects of different nanoparticles in aquatic
organisms, Koelher et al. 2008; Li et al. 2009; Galloway et al. 2010; Ringwood et al. 2010;
Tedesco et al. 2010; Buffet et al. 2011) or retrospective (e.g., adverse effects of pharmaceu-
ticals in wild fish; Sanchez et al. 2011) risk assessment of emerging contaminants will be
considered. The final aim is to contribute to the search for a conceptual framework to sup-
port the assessment of the health status of aquatic ecosystems.
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