Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Crude oil export (tonnes × 1,000,000)
Crude oil ships (no.)
70
800
Crude tankers
700
60
600
50
500
40
400
30
300
20
200
10
100
0
0
LPG export (tonnes × 1000)
LPG ships (no.)
1800
140
LPG tankers
1600
120
1400
100
1200
80
1000
800
60
600
40
400
20
200
0
0
Year
FIGURE 9.4
Number and total tonnage of crude and LPG tankers visiting Sullom Voe.
sites such as The Kames (site 12) (Figure 9.7) and the reestablishment of dogwhelk popula-
tions to some sites where they had been previously absent close to the jetties of the termi-
nal (Figure 9.8) (Moore and Gubbins 2012).
Figure 9.8 shows how, at some heavily impacted sites close to the oil terminal, dogwhelk
populations vanished by the 1990s and did not start recovering until after 2000, when the
incidences of female sterility were lower across the voe as a whole (Figure 9.6c). At one
site (Jetty 3), dogwhelks were found in 2011 for the first time since 1987. These temporal
trend data, when interpreted together with imposex, suggest that the effects of TBT can be
evident at many levels of biological organization, with impacts on community structure
through expiration (and subsequent recovery) of populations at some sites.
9.1.5 Ecological Consequences
From a holistic ecological point of view, antifouling paints are in a certain way advan-
tageous as they reduce fuel consumption, protect from erosion, and prevent dispersion
 
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