Linking Lysosomal Biomarkers and Ecotoxicological Effects at Higher Biological Levels - Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects - page 110

Scope for growth vs lysosomal stability

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 -250

Lysosomal reactions, cell injury, and pathophysiology

y = 0.0588x + 15.338
R 2 = 0.8035
R = 0.8964
P < 0.001

Lysosomal stability is correlated with:

Larval viability

Scope for growth and growth

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250

SFG joules/g/day
To tal oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC)
and lysosomal stability

Protein synthesis

150

To tal oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC)

100

R 2 = 0.746
R = 0.864
P <0.001

50

0

0 100 200 300 400 500

Lysosomal stability is inversely correlated with:

TOSC towards hydroxyl radicals

To tal oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC)
and lysosomal stability

150

Protein catabolism and protein oxidation

100
50

R 2 = 0.657
R = 0.811
P <0.001

Lipofuscin (stress or age pigment)

Lysosomal swelling and lipidosis

0 200

300 400 500 600

TOSC towards hydroxyl radicals

DNA damage (micronuclei)

Lysosomal stability and micronuclei frequency

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

R 2 = 0.7258

Liver cancer in flatfish

Tissue pathology - failed autophagy and atrophy

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Lysosomal stability (min)

FIGURE 5.2
Correlations between lysosomal stability and other cellular indicators or biomarkers. Small boxed graphs are
lysosomal stability versus scope for growth, total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC), and genotoxicity
(micronucleus formation).

Moore 1985; Moore et al. 1985, 1997; Nott and Moore 1987; Rashid et al. 1991; Panyam and
Labhasetwar 2003; Gould 2004; Howard 2004).
The theme of lysosomal responses and pathological reactions as health-related indica-
tors or biomarkers will be developed more fully in the following sections, as will the
wider potential ecotoxicological significance of such changes induced by environmental
stressors.

5.2 Background and Rationale
5.2.1 Background on Lysosomal and Autophagic Processes
in Cellular Physiology and Disease

Pathological reactions of lysosomes to environmental stressors, including toxic chemical
contaminants, frequently involve destabilizing changes in the lysosomal membrane and
the induction of autophagy (Moore and Halton 1973, 1977; Moore 1976, 1980, 1985, 1990,