Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4.3
Example of life cycle inventory (selected inputs and outputs) for the production of pasta in Italy.
Unit process
Inputs
Specific emissions
Durum wheat
production (7.4 tons
of wheat, which is
the average yield in
1 hectare)
Wheat seeds 200 kg
Atrazine (C 8 H 14 ClN 5 ) 1.5 kg
Fertilizer (N) 500 kg as ammonium
nitrate and urea
Fertilizer (P) 150 kg as diammonium
phosphate
Truck 127.5 tons
Ammonia (NH 3 ) 27.3 kg (air)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 0.51 kg (air)
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 2.1 kg (air)
Atrazine (C 8 H 14 ClN 5 ) 0.6 kg (soil and
water)
Nitrite (NO 2 ) 2.5 kg (soil and water)
Use of land hectare/year
km considering an
average trip of 150 km to transport
input materials
Tractor I (135 kW) for 14 km of plowing
Tractor II (80 kW) 42 km for application
of fertilizer (three times)
Combine harvester for 2 h of
harvesting
×
Semolina production
(6.8 tons of
semolina and 2.1
tons of subproducts)
Water 1.5 m3
Durum wheat 9 tons
Truck 450 tons
Particulate matter (PM 2.5) 1.4 kg
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) 1.5 mg (air)
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 55 mg (air)
Carbon monoxide (CO) 12 mg (air)
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 40 kg (air)
Hydrocarbons CxHy 8 mg (air)
0.1-ton compostable waste (soil)
Land use for industrial facility
28.5 m 2 /year
km for an average
trip of 50 km to transport wheat
from fields
Natural gas 17 kg (780 MJ)
Electricity 5.8 MWh
×
Durum wheat pasta
production (1,000 kg
of durum wheat
pasta)
Water 310 L
Semolina 1,010 kg
Truck 101 tons × km for an average
trip of 100 km to transport semolina
Heat gas 136 MJ for heat for services
Electricity 40 kWh for services
Electricity 120 kWh for processing line
Natural gas 22 kg (1,012 MJ) for
thermal energy for drying
Crude oil 17 kg (700 MJ) for thermal
energy for drying
Particulate matter (PM) 15 mg (air)
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) 460 mg (air)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 200 mg (air)
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 78 mg (air)
Carbon monoxide (CO) 13.8 mg (air)
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 106 kg (air)
Hydrocarbons CxHy 16 mg (air)
Water vapor from drying 245 kg (air)
Occupation as industrial area
1.5 m 2 /year
Occupation as rail/road area 0.2 m 2 /
year
Compostable waste 10 kg
Plastic packages
production (1,000 kg
of plastic packages)
Expandable polystyrene 1,008 kg
Ink 8 kg
Heat oil 60.7 GJ
Electricity 570 kWh
Pentane (C 5 H 12 ) 37.4 kg (air)
Iron (Fe) 32 mg (water)
Ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) 19 mg (water)
Nitrate (NO 3 ) 16 mg (water)
Phosphate (PO 4 −3 ) 259 mg (water)
Sulphate (SO 4 −2 ) 207 mg (water)
Hydrocarbons CxHy 8 g (water)
Cardboard
packages production
(167 kg of card-
board packages)
Glue 1.6 kg
Ink 0.6 kg
Cardboard duplex 170 kg
Crude oil 1.5 kg (62 MJ)
Electricity 26 kWh
Particulate matter (PM) 1.5 mg
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) 40 mg (air)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 11 mg (air)
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 0.9 mg (air)
Carbon emission (CO) 0.4 mg (air)
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 4.8 kg (air)
Waste (paper) 5 kg (soil waste)
From Bevilacqua et al., 2007, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
90
 
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