Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
System boundary
Production of raw
materials
Processing
Resources
- Raw materials
- Energy
- Land
Packaging
Storage
Emissions
- Air
- Water
- Land
Distribution
Consumption
Waste management
Figure 4.2
Generic diagram of a food product life cycle showing inputs, outputs, intermediate processes,
and the system boundary from production of raw material to final consumption and disposal.
Adapted from Ohlsson, 2004). Courtesy of Wiley-Blackwell.
Table 4.1
ISO 14000 collection of standards for life cycle assessment.
ISO 14040:2006
Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Principles and framework
ISO 14044:2006
Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Requirements and guidelines
ISO/TR 14047:2003
Environmental management—Life cycle impact assessment—Examples of
application of ISO 14042
ISO/TS 14048:2002
Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Data documentation format
ISO/TR 14049:2000
Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Examples of application of
ISO 14041 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis
ISO Guide 64:1997
Guide for the inclusion of environmental aspects in product standards
ISO/TR 14062:2002
Environmental management—Integrating environmental aspects into product
design and development
part of the ISO 14000 LCA collection contain examples of applications, documentation
format, and design for the environmental guidelines (Table 4.1).
The ISO 14040 (ISO, 2006a) divides LCA studies in four phases (Fig. 4.3):
1.
Definition of goal and scope.
2.
Life cycle inventory analysis.
3.
Life cycle impact assessment.
4.
Life cycle interpretation.
Definition of goal and scope
The definition of the goal states the intended application of the LCA, the reasons for carrying
the study, the intended audience, and whether the results are planned to be used in comparative
