Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.6
Most common food ingredients obtained from different sources such as plants, synthesis,
and fermentation.
Main category
Ingredient
Source/Process
Ascorbic acid
Rosemary extract
α
Fermentation/Synthesis
Extraction from rosemary plant
Synthesis/Extraction from oils
-Tocopherol
Antioxidants
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Sucrose
Aspartame
Synthesis
Synthesis
Extraction from sugar cane and sugar beets
Fermentation and synthesis
Sweeteners
Saccharine
Sucralose
Sorbitol
Guar gum
Gum arabic
Tragacanth gum
Synthesis
Chlorination of sucrose
Hydrogenation of glucose
Extraction from guar bean
Dried sap of acacia trees
Dried sap of legumes
Hydrocolloids and
stabilizers
Xanthan gum
Pectin
Agar
Carrageenan
Alginate
Gelatin
Annatto
Capsanthin
Caramel
Fermentation
Extraction from citrus fruit
Extraction from seaweed
Extraction from seaweed
Extraction from seaweed
Animals' skins and bones
Extraction from seeds
Paprika extract
Burnt sugar
Colorants
FD&C Blue #1 and #2
FD&C Green #3
D&C Red #3 and #40
FD&C Yellow #5 and #6
Benzoic acid
Lactic acid
Synthesis
Synthesis
Synthesis
Synthesis
Synthesis
Fermentation
Additives
Monosodium glutamate
Sorbic acid/Sorbate
Sodium benzoate
Tartaric acid
Flours
Fermentation
Synthesis
Synthesis
By-product of wine industry
Milling of cereals
Commodities
Oils
Starch
Extraction from oilseeds
Extraction from grains tubers and roots
Case of selected additives/ingredients impacts
Case of chelating agents
Chelating agents are used to sequestrate metal ions in food products that may cause quality
deterioration or processing problems. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phosphates,
phosphate derivatives (e.g., disodium pyrophosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate), and
citric acid derivatives are chelating agents frequently used in food applications.
EDTA is made via synthesis from the precursors ethylenediamine, formaldehyde, and
sodium cyanide.
1.
Ethylenediamine
is the product of the reaction between ethylene dichloride and ammonia.
a.
Ethylene dichloride is made from ethylene and chlorine gas.
b.
Ammonia is produced by reacting molecular nitrogen with hydrogen derived from
methane (see the section in this chapter on ammonia synthesis).
