Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 8.8
Carbon dioxide emission factors for electricity
generation in selected countries, 1999-2002.
Country
Carbon dioxide (tonne/MWh)
Iceland
0.001
Uruguay
0.055
France
0.083
Brazil
0.093
Colombia
0.157
Canada
0.223
Argentina
0.317
Chile
0.333
Russia
0.351
Japan
0.417
Egypt
0.436
Mexico
0.593
Ireland
0.699
Saudi
Arabia
0.816
China
0.839
Israel
0.839
Greece
0.887
Australia
0.924
India
0.999
Adapted from EIA-1605, 2007.
The direct production of carbon dioxide due to fermentation is 0.02 kg/L of beer, of which
80 percent is recovered, cleaned up, and used for carbonating the beer, whereas 20 percent is
lost to the atmosphere.
The company uses mostly ammonia as refrigerant, which has no greenhouse effect;
however, it owns a couple of water chillers that use 200 pounds each of HFC-134a, and
according to maintenance reports, every year each of them needs to be refilled with
approximately 20 pounds of refrigerant. Vehicles owned by the company also use HFC-134a
for their air-conditioning units at a rate of 1 kg per unit, and according to records, the furtive
emissions from these units is about 15 percent per year. Data for refrigerant use for the
outsourced fleet of mid-sized trucks is unobtainable and will not be reported.
Based on employees' frequent miles records, the total number of air miles flown for busi-
ness purposes by five people totaled 20,750 during 2007, which is an average of 4,150 miles
per person.
Calculations
From Tables 8.6 and 8.7, the emission factors needed for this problem are as follows:
Natural gas
50.44 kg of CO
2
/GJ
Gasoline
2.34 kg of CO
2
/liter
Diesel
2.68 kg of CO
2
/liter
Electricity
0.690 tonne/MWh
From Table 8.4, the GWP of HFC-134a for a 100-year time horizon is 1,300. For the mid-
sized diesel trucks, a fuel efficiency of 13 miles/gallon (5.5 km/liter) will be assumed. For the
air travel, a medium haul emission factor of 0.2 kg CO
2
/passenger km was adopted (Ross, 2009).
