Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Industry
Air emissions
Meat-packing plants
PM, PM
10
, VOC, HAP
Smokehouses
PM, CO, VOC, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic acids, acrolein,
acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and nitrogen oxides
Rendering plants
VOC, particulate, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, organic sulfides, disulfides, C-4
to C-7 aldehydes, trimethylamine, C-4 amines, quinoline, dimethyl pyrazine,
other pyrazines, C-3 to C-6 organic acids and lesser amounts of C-4 to C-7
alcohols, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds
Cheese manufacturing
PM, VOC, CO
2
Canning of fruits and
vegetables
PM, VOC
In the processing of cruciferous vegetables organosulfur compounds,
aldehydes, isothiocyanates and nitriles.
In tomatoes: ionone-related compounds, terpenoids, sulfur-containing
compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, aldehydes, ketones.
Drying fruits and vegetables
PM, VOC, SO
2
, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols
Pickles, sauces, and salad
dressings
VOC and in some cases PM
Grain elevators
PM (the main pollutant), PM
10
, PM
2.5
, small quantities of VOC
Cane sugar processing
PM, VOC, combustion products (NOx, CO, CO
2
, SOx)
Vegetable oil
PM, HAP (hexane used for extraction),
Breweries
VOC (ethanol, ethyl acetate), CO
2
, PM,
Wine and brandy
CO
2
, SO
2
, VOC (mainly ethanol and to a lesser extent acetaldehyde,
methane, n-propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, isobutyl
alcohol, ethyl acetate, and isoamyl alcohol).
Coffee roasting
PM, VOC, organic acids, combustion products (CO and CO
2
from burning
natural gas),
Fish processing
H
2
S, ( (CH
3
)
3
N)
CO, carbon monoxide; CO
2
, carbon dioxide; ( (CH
3
)
3
N), trimethylamine; H
2
S, hydrogen sulfide; HAP, hazardous air
pollutant; NOx, nitrogen oxides; PM, particulate matter; SO
2
, sulfide gas (used for color preservation); SOx: sulfur oxides;
VOC, volatile organic compounds.
Adapted from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1995.
Poultry
26.7%
Cattle
43.4%
Swine
10.1%
Fertilizer
application
9.5%
Sheep and lamb
0.7%
Refrigeration
5.1%
Human sources
1.2%
Public sewer
2.0%
Combustion
1.3%
Figure 8.1
Estimated ammonia emissions in the United States by source.
Adapted from Battye et al., 1994.
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