Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4.1
Summary of descriptions of yeast isolated from the GI tract of fish.
Fish species
Yeast species
References
Topsmelt (
Atherinopis affinis
littoralis
)
Metschnikowia zobelii
and
Kloeckera apiculata
Van Uden and Castello-Branco (1963)
Rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
)
Candida
sp.,
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
,
Debaryomyces
hansenii
,
Cryptococcus
sp.,
Leucosporidium
sp.,
Trichosporon
sp
. Rhodotorula
rubra
and
R. glutinis
Sakata
et al.
(1993), Andlid
et al.
(1995), Aubin
et al.
(2005),
Gatesoupe (2007), Waché
et al.
(2006)
European plaice (
Pluronectes
platessa
)
Rhodotorula
sp.
Andlid
et al.
(1995)
European flounder (
Platichthys
flesus
)
Rhodotorula
sp.
Andlid
et al.
(1995)
Bluefish (
Pomatomus saltatrix
)
Rhodotorula
sp.
Newman
et al.
(1972)
Turbot (
Scophthalmus maximus
)
Candida zeylaniodes
Toranzo
et al.
(1993),
Vázquez-Juárez
et al.
(1997)
Pacific jack mackerel (
Tachurus
symmetricus
)
Metschnikowia zobelii
and
Debaryomyces
sp
.
Van Uden and Castello-Branco (1963)
is a herbivore that consumes filamentous algae and detritus. Proteobacteria represented the
largest portion of the total classifiable sequences in all three fish species, although the por-
tion was smaller in
A. nigricans
. The percentage of the total library (138 clones) classified
as Vibrionaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) was 75% in
L. bohar
, 70% in
C. sordidus
, and 10%
in
A. nigricans
. As minor components, the
C. sordidus
microbiota also contained sequences
corresponding to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Planctomycetes, and
L.bohar
con-
tained Fusobacteria and Firmicutes. In contrast
A. nigricans
contained numerous non-
Vibrio
Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Spirochaetes sequences as well as represen-
tatives from other unclassified phyla. The authors suggested that the observed differences
among fishes may reflect gut microbiota and/or bacterial assemblages associated with dif-
ferent ingested prey. Smriga
et al.
(2010) also reported that PCR amplification attempts using
Archaea-specific primers produced no products from any of the three fish species. Fidopiastis
etal.
(2006) also reported negative PCR amplification for Archaea in the herbivorous ish
Her-
mosillaazurea
. In contrast, van der Maarel
etal.
(1999) detected archaeal ribosomal sequences
in the digestive tract and faecal samples of flounder (
Platichthyslesus
) and grey mullet (
Mugil
cephalus
). Yeast and protozoa have been proposed as other putative contributors to the ecology
of the GI tract in fish. Several examples of yeast descriptions in different fish are summarized
in Table 4.1 and reviewed by Gatesoupe (2007). Protozoa have been described in a number
of fish species (Grim
et al.
2002; Li
et al.
2009; Merrifield
et al.
2011a). New species of
Bal-
antidium
and
Paracichlidotherus
were described as inhabiting the intestines of surgeonfish;
however, further research is necessary to determine the contribution of these protozoan to fish
health and nutrition.
The microbiota of herbivorous fish has been studied with interest because components of the
microbiota in some fish use fermentation to convert carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids
(SCFAs) that can be absorbed by fish gut epithelial cells (Stevens and Hume 1998; Clements
et al.
2009). It has been claimed that SCFAs in the gut may represent the contribution of
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