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et al . (2012) were also tested for their persistence in the intestine of channel catfish. Catfish
were fed Bacillus spore-supplemented feeds (ca. 10 9 CFU g -1 ) for 7 days followed by a nor-
mal non-supplemented feed for 3 days. High (
log 5 CFU g -1 ) Bacillus levels were observed
in all of the probiotic fed fish 3 days after the cessation of dietary provision, and no probi-
otic Bacillus were detected in the control fed fish. Both of these studies used a culture based
approach which looked at a limited number of bacterial groups and therefore future studies
should also utilize culture-independent methods to provide a more complete and accurate rep-
resentation of the impact of probiotics on the catfish microbiota, and to determine the efficacy
of probiotics to colonize and persist in the GI tract of catfish species.
>
10.10 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
The literature available provides clear evidence that probiotics modulate GI communities and
improve the welfare, stress tolerance, growth, metabolism, reproduction, localized and sys-
temic immune responses and disease resistance of temperate and warm water fish species.
These observations were achieved through multidisciplinary approaches based on microbio-
logical, biomolecular, bio-histochemical and proteomical methods developed by several labo-
ratories focusing on these species, but further research into the mechanisms of action, and the
endogenous host microbiota, is necessary to enable informed decisions on which probiotics
are applicable for each species and for each specific set of culture conditions. Further, stud-
ies should expand to cover emerging warm water aquaculture species such as cobia and tuna
species.
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