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D.hansenii
strain CBS 8339 enhanced leopard grouper growth performance but did not signif-
icantly affect the assayed immunological parameters after 4 weeks of feeding (Reyes-Becerril
et al
. 2011). However, post infection with
A. hydrophila
, fish fed the yeast-supplemented
diet displayed a significant increase in the levels of plasmatic IgM, SOD and CAT activities.
CAT and HSP70 gene expression in liver were up-regulated before and after infection of
A.
hydrophila
.
10.6 TILAPIA
After carps, tilapias are the second most abundantly produced fish group with total global
production approaching 4 million tonnes in 2011 (FAO FIGIS 2013). The Nile tilapia
(
Oreochromis niloticus
) accounts for the largest volume (2.8 million tonnes), followed
by Nile-blue hybrid (
Oreochromis niloticus
×
Oreochromis aureus
; 360,000 tonnes), the
Mozambique tilapia (
Oreochromis mossambicus
; 35,000 tonnes) and various other species
and hybrids.
Relative to other fish species, the application of probiotics to tilapia is extensive
(Table 10.5).
Bacillus
spp. (
B
.
coagulans
,
B. subtilis
,
B. licheniformis
,
B. pumilus
and
B.
firmus),
), LAB (
Lb. plantarum
,
Lb. rhamnosus
,
Lb. acidophilus
,
Lb. brevis
,
E. faecium
,
P.
acidilactici
and
Lc. lactis
), other Gram-positive species (
Micrococcus luteus
and
Clostridium
butyricum
), Gram-negative species (
Pseudomonas
spp.,
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
and
Citrobacter freundii
) and yeast (
S. cerevisiae
) have been tested in tilapia trials. The majority
of these studies have focused on Nile tilapia and applications have demonstrated a range of
growth benefits (Lara-Flores
et al
. 2003; Aly
et al
. 2008b; 2008c; Wang
et al
. 2008b; Essa
et al
. 2010; Zhou
et al
. 2010a; 2010b; Jatoba
et al
. 2011), stimulated some aspects of the
non-specific immune response (Aly
et al
. 2008b; Wang
et al
. 2008b; Ferguson
et al
. 2010;
Zhou
et al
. 2010a; 2010b; Goncalves
et al
. 2011; Jatoba
et al
. 2011; Pirarat
et al
. 2011;
Villamil
et al
. 2012; Liu
et al
. 2013; Standen
et al
. 2013) and improved resistance to various
bacterial pathogens (Aly
et al
. 2008a; 2008b; Ngamkala
et al
. 2010; Villamil
et al
. 2012;
Liu
et al
. 2013). A comprehensive review of probiotic applications in tilapia is presented by
Welker and Lim (2011).
10.6.1 Effects of probiotics on tilapia growth performance
Improved tilapia growth performance has been reported with the application of
M.luteus
(Abd
El-Rhman
etal
. 2009),
E.faecium
(Lara-flores
etal
. 2003; Wang
etal
. 2008b),
Lb.acidophilus
(Lara-flores
et al
. 2003; Aly
et al
. 2008b),
Lb. plantarum
(Essa
et al
. 2010; Jatoba
et al
.
2011),
Lc. lactis
(Zhou
et al
. 2010b),
B. coagulans
(Zhou
et al
. 2010a),
B. pumilus
(Aly
et al
.
2008c),
B. subtilis
(El-Haroun
et al
. 2006; Aly
et al
. 2008b; Essa
et al
. 2010; Salem 2010),
B. licheniformis
(El-Haroun
et al
. 2006),
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
(Zhou
et al
. 2010a)
and
S. cerevisiae
(Lara-flores
et al
. 2003; Abdel-Tawwab
et al
. 2010; Essa
et al
. 2010). Such
improvements can lead to considerable economic gains (El-Haroun
et al
. 2006).
The mechanisms behind these improvements in growth performance are not fully eluci-
dated, but a number of studies have reported elevated GI digestive enzyme activities in fish fed
probiotics, which is likely to be a contributory factor. For example, concomitantly with ele-
vated growth performance, elevated amylase, protease and lipase activities have been observed
in tilapia fed
B. subtilis
and/or
Lb. plantarum
and elevated protease activity in tilapia fed
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