Probiotic Applications in Temperate and Warm Water Fish Species - Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics - page 267

Table 10.4 Summary of in vivo probiotic applications with groupers.

Probiont Parameters investigated References

Epinephelus coioides
Lb. plantarum DR,GM,GP,IR Son et al . (2009)

Lc. lactis , E. faecium D-EA, GP, IR Sun et al . (2012b)

Lc. lactis GM Sun et al . (2012c)

E. faecium GM Sun et al . (2012a)

B. pumilus GM Sun et al . (2011a)

B. pumilus , B. clausii AO-EA, D-EA, GM, GP, IR, SR Sun et al . (2013)

B. pumilus , B. clausii GP, IR, SR Sun et al . (2010a)

B. clausii GM Yang et al . (2012)

B. subtilis IR, GM, GP, SR Purwandari and Chen (2013)

B. subtilis AO-EA, DR, GM, GP, IR Liu et al. (2012)

B. coagulans DR, IR, PA Pan et al . (2013)

Psychrobacter sp. GM Yang et al . (2011)

Psychrobacter sp. AO-EA, D-EA, GP, IR, SR Sun et al . (2011b)

S. cerevisiae DR,GM,GP,IR,SR Chiu et al . 2010

Epinephelus bruneus
Lb. sakei DR, IR Harikrishnan et al . (2010b)

Mycteroperca rosacea
D. hansenii AO-EA, DR, IR, STR Reyes-Becerril et al . (2008b)

D. hansenii AO-EA, DR, GP, IR Reyes-Becerril et al . (2011)

Genera abbreviations: B . = Bacillus , D . = Debaryomyces , E. = Enterococcus , Lb . = Lactobacillus , Lc . = Lactococcus ,
S. = Saccharomyces .
Parameters investigated: AO-EA = antioxidant enzymes, D-EA = digestive/intestinal enzymes, DR = disease resistance,
GM = gut microbiota (inclusive of GI probiont recovery), GP = growth performance, IR = immunological/haematological
response, PA = pathogen antagonism, SR = survival rate, STR = stress tolerance/response/biomarkers.

and intestinal fluids (Sun et al . 2009; 2010b). Therefore, it was speculated that these strains
may be positively related to the growth and health of grouper, and may be potential probiotic
strains. Subsequent in vivo studies revealed that individual dietary administration of the five
potential probiotics at a dose of 10 8 CFU g −1 for 60 days could significantly improve the feed
utilization of E. coioides (Sun et al . 2010a; 2011b; 2012b). Interestingly, enhanced specific
activities of digestive enzymes were observed in the probiotic groups, while the five probi-
otic strains did not secrete any digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase) under in vitro
conditions. Therefore, the authors speculated that the probiotics may induce the secretion of
digestive enzymes and this might have led to improvement in the whole digestive process,
enhancing the digestibility of feed and thereby the nutritive utilization of feed (Sun et al .
2011b; 2012b). The increase in digestive enzyme activities and therefore the digestibility of
feed through the use of probiotics have also been demonstrated in common carp by Bacillus
sp. (Yanbo and Zirong 2006) and in gilthead sea bream larvae by Lactobacillus spp. (Suzer
et al . 2008).
The effect of these five probiotic strains on the immune response of E. coioides has been
investigated. B. pumilus SE5 and B. clausii DE5 enhanced the serum complement C3 (C3)
and IgM levels at day 30 and serum leukocyte phagocytic activity and lysozyme activity at
day 60 (Sun et al. 2010a); Psychrobacter sp. SE6 significantly improved the complement C4
(C4) level at day 60 (Sun et al. 2011b); and Lc. lactis and E. faecium significantly enhanced
serum C3 levels and Lc. lactis also improved serum lysozyme activity (Sun et al . 2012b).