Probiotic Applications in Cold Water Fish Species - Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics - page 246

Jutfelt et al . 2006; Ringø et al . 2007a; 2007b; Engelsen et al . 2008). Although a number of
factors effect efficacy, generally a minimal dose of 10 5-7 CFU ml -1 rearing water has been
reported to induce positive effects in fish culture (Strøm and Ringø 1993; Ringø et al . 1996;
Ringø and Vadstein 1998; Ringø 1999; Ottesen and Olafsen 2000; Hjelm et al . 2004; Lauzon
et al . 2010b; 2010c), while a lower dose (∼10 2 CFU ml -1 ) has resulted in no beneficial effects
(Bjornsdottir et al . 2010). Live feed has also been an appropriate vector for probiotic adminis-
tration to larvae. Some trials have evaluated both pathways of administration simultaneously
with promising results.
The use of probiotics can be recommended to enhance the performance of aquaculture sys-
tems provided that operational and economic advantages are attained (Iribarren et al . 2012).
A better knowledge of the larval/fish gut and rearing system microbiology may allow for
the development of efficient and synergistic preventive methods. Novel prophylactic methods
will hopefully replace or at least reduce the use of chemotherapeutic treatments. Expanding
molecular techniques and new knowledge on the contribution of probiotics in larval nutrition,
immunomodulation and host gene expression may lead to focused research and a better under-
standing of the mechanisms of probiotic action. The need for tailor-made probiotic solutions
for successful larviculture has been emphasized (Azad and Al-Marzouk 2008). Future stud-
ies should focus on practical industrial-scale applications and demonstrate long term effects.
Further, the production feasibility and cost-benefit analysis of developed probiotics should be
addressed.
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