Agriculture Reference
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C. divergens
could populate the intestinal tract of common carp
Cyprinus carpio
, with levels
in line with that observed for
E. faecium
.
8.3.2
Lactobacillus
spp.
Lactobacilli have frequently been investigated as probiotics for aquaculture applications. Com-
monly used species include:
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
(Nikoskelainen
et al
. 2001; 2003; Pan-
igrahi
et al
. 2004; 2005; 2007; Pirarat
et al
. 2006; Suzer
et al
. 2008),
Lactobacillus sakei
(Balcázar
et al
. 2007a; 2007b),
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
(Carnevali
et al
. 2006; Salinas
et al
.
2006; 2008; Silvi
et al
. 2008; Picchietti
et al.
2009),
Lactobacillus acidophilus
(Lara-Flores
et al
. 2003; Aly
et al
. 2008; Suzer
et al
. 2008; Liu
et al
. 2013) and
Lactobacillus plantarum
(Carnevali
et al
. 2004; Rollo
et al
. 2006; Picchietti
et al.
2007; Suzer
et al
. 2008; Vendrell
et al
. 2008; Bucio Galindo
et al.
2009; Jatoba
et al
. 2011; Perez-Sanchez
et al
. 2011), but
Lac-
tobacillus fructivorans
(Carnevali
et al
. 2004; Picchietti
et al.
2007),
Lactobacillus curvatus
(Askarian
et al
. 2011),
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
(Suzer
et al
. 2008),
Lactobacillus brevis
(Liu
et al
. 2013),
Lactobacillus farciminis
(Frouël
et al
. 2008) and
Lactobacillus
sp. (Ridha and
Azad 2012) have also been studied. It has been suggested that the successful application of
Lactobacillus
strains as microbial supplements for fish appears to be linked with high viability
during processing and storage and after GI transit (Robertson
et al
. 2000).
Several studies have provided valuable information regarding lactobacilli colonization of
the fish GI tract and persistence within the GI tract after reverting to non-supplemented feeds,
and thus
Lactobacillus
spp. are perhaps the most well investigated probiotics in fish with
regards to their impact on ingenious GI microbial ecology (Table 8.2). Aside from the infor-
mation on salmonids (rainbow trout, brown trout and Atlantic salmon) and Mediterranean
teleosts (European sea bass
Dicentrarchuslabrax
and gilthead sea bream
Sparusaurata
), some
information is also available for Atlantic cod, clownfish
Amphiprion ocellaris
, Nile tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus
, Persian sturgeon
Acipenser persicus
, beluga
Huso huso
and zebrafish
Danio rerio
.
Lb. fructivorans
(AS17B), isolated from the gut of adult sea bream (Carnevali
et al
. 2004),
was simultaneously administered with another probiotic,
Lb. plantarum
, isolated from human
faeces, during the early development of sea bream. Using rotifers (
Brachionus plicatilis
)
and/or
Artemia salina
and dry feed as vectors, it was observed that the probiotics significantly
decreased GI tract cultivable heterotrophic bacterial levels (both anaerobic and aerobic) and
elevated LAB levels (Carnevali
et al
. 2004). Interestingly it was observed that the two lacto-
bacilli seemed to vary in their efficacy as
Lb. plantarum
was the dominant LAB present in the
early stages of the study (35 dph) and
Lb. fructivorans
dominated in the post metamorphosis
stages (66 and 90 dph).
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp.
delbrueckii
has also been reported to show
good capability to colonize the gut of sea bass larvae and modulate the gut microbiota (Silvi
et al
. 2008).
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp.
delbrueckii
, isolated from the European sea bass intestine,
was provided to larvae via live feeds either from an early stage (11 dph; group A) or at a
later stage (30 dph; group B) and the GI microbiota was assessed at multiple time points. The
probiotic administration modulated the cultivable aerobic and anaerobic levels as well as LAB
levels and composition. In brief, the probiotic
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp.
delbrueckii
was present
in group A from 11 dph and increased from 17% (of the LAB population) at the beginning of
the study to 96% at the end of the study (70 dph). Group B presented low percentages of
Lb.
delbrueckii
subsp.
delbrueckii
before the probiotic treatment, and after treatment the percent-
age increased to 35% at 50 dph and then to 95% of the total LAB at 70 dph. During the whole
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