Agriculture Reference
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resistance and antibacterial activity against eight indicator strains (
A
.
salmonicida
, atypic
A
.
salmonicida
,
A
.
hydrophila
,
A
.
caviae
,
A
.
sobria
,
A
.
jandaei
,
A
.
enteropelogenes
and
E.
faecalis
). The results revealed that all the potential probiotics grew over a wide temperature
range even though they were originally isolated in different seasons, and their levels of cholic
acid resistance and antibacterial activity were better than, or at least equal to, those of their
corresponding type strains. In the study of Azizpour
et al
. (2009), the authors characterized
LAB isolated from the intestines of various samples of common carp from commercial farms
in West Azerbaijan, Iran. The authors reported that
Lb. fermentum
was the dominant LAB
isolated from the intestines, and accounted for 10% of the isolates. Gopalakannan and Arul
(2011) isolated LAB from the intestinal mucus of common carp and the most promising
isolate,
E. faecium
, based on ability to inhibit
in vitro
growth of several pathogens, was further
tested as a probiotic in an
in vivo A
.
hydrophila
challenge.
Recently, Vlková
etal
. (2012) reported
Bifidobacterium
, as well as lactobacilli, in the intes-
tine of common carp. Presumptive
Bifidobacterium
counts of log 2.6 and 3.1 CFU g
−1
were
observed in two of the 19 common carp tested. When compared with direct counts using FISH
this population comprised
0.0012% of the total bacterial community. A representative isolate
was identified as
Biidobacteriumasteroides
(99% similarity) by 16S rRNA sequence analysis.
<
6.12.2
Carassius
spp.
Hagi
et al
. (2004) investigated the composition of intestinal LAB in deep-bodied crucian carp
(
Carassius cuvieri
) in Lake Kasumigaura during different seasons. In deep-bodied crucian
carp, as well as the common carp, LAB levels in the GI tract were higher during the summer
(27
∘
C) than in the winter (9.8
∘
C). The proportion of LAB with respect to the total cultur-
able populations represented ca. 10% in the summer and 33% during the winter. The authors
reported that the predominant intestinal LAB of both carp species was
Lc.lactis
in the summer
and
Lc. raffinolactis
in the winter.
De Paula Silva
et al
. (2011) reported that the gut bacteria of goldfish (
Carassius auratus
L.)
contained
Streptococcus parauberis
and
Lactococcus
spp. and Vlková
et al
. (2012) reported
Bifidobacterium
, as well as lactobacilli, in the intestine of goldfish. Presumptive
Bifidobac-
terium
counts of log 2.18 CFU g
−1
were observed in one of the six goldfish tested. When
compared with direct counts using FISH this population comprised
0.00015% of the total
bacterial community. Representative isolates were identified as
Bifidobacterium longum
(99%
similarity) by 16S rRNA sequence analyses.
Lc
.
lactis
subsp.
lactis
was reported to be a component of the gut of gibel carp (
Carassius
gibelo
)byHe
et al
. (2011a). The study revealed that the bacterium was suppressed when the
fish were fed Saccharoculture (a yeast based feed additive) in combination with flavomycin.
Recently, Zhang
et al
. (2013) confirmed the presence of
Lc
.
lactis
subsp.
lactis
in the
GI tract of gibel carp and observed that relative abundance (as a proportion of the whole
bacterial community) was higher with respect to the allochthonous microbiota than to the
autochthonous microbiota.
<
6.12.3 Other cyprinids
Although greater attention has been paid to assessing the gut microbiota of common carp and
Carassius
spp., some information is also present with respect to other species from the order
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