Introduction - Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete - page 4

structures, set up in 1971, prepared the Model Code of 1981 [11]. The
Commission of the European Communities has supported work on
Eurocodes since 1982, and has delegated its management to the Comité
Europeén Normalisation (CEN), based in Brussels. This is an association
of the national standards institutions (NSIs) of the countries of the Euro-
pean Union, the European Free Trade Area, and a growing number of
other countries from central and eastern Europe.
The Eurocodes EN 1990 to 1999, with over 50 Parts, each with a
national annex, are being published by the NSIs, from 2002 until about
2007, as explained in the Preface. Those most relevant to this topic are
listed as References 3, 10 and 12-16, with the expected or actual date of
publication in English by the British Standards Institution. They provide a
coherent system, in which duplication of information has been minimised.
For example, EN 1994 refers to EN 1990, Basis of structural design [12],
for design philosophy, most definitions, limit state requirements, and val-
ues of partial factors for loads and other actions.
Values for loads and other actions that do not depend on the material
used for the structure (the great majority) are given in EN 1991, Actions
on structures [13]. All provisions for structural steel that apply to both
steel and composite structures are in EN 1993, Design of steel structures
[15]. Similarly, for concrete, EN 1994 refers to but does not repeat mater-
ial from EN 1992, Design of concrete structures [14].
Even within Eurocode 4, material is divided between that which applies
to both buildings and bridges, to buildings only, and to bridges only. The
first is found in the 'General' clauses of EN 1994-1-1, the second in
clauses in EN 1994-1-1 marked 'for buildings', and the third in EN 1994-
2, 'Rules for bridges'. Structural fire design is found in EN 1994-1-2 [16],
which cross-refers for the high-temperature properties of materials to the
'Fire' parts of EN 1992 and EN 1993, as appropriate.
Design of foundations is covered in EN 1997, Geotechnical design , and
seismic design in EN 1998, Design of structures for earthquake resistance .
This topic presents the theories, methods, and models of the 'General'
and 'for buildings' rules of Eurocode 4, including relevant material from
Eurocodes 1, 2 and 3, but does not refer to or comment on specific
clauses. Commentary on EN 1994-1-1 will be found in Reference [17],
and on the other codes in the relevant 'Designers' Guides', such as
Reference [18].
The British codes current in 2004 that are most relevant to this topic are
Part 3: Section 3.1 and Part 4 of BS 5950 [19]. They have much in
common with EN 1994 as they were developed in parallel with it, but
their scope is narrower. For example, columns, web-encased beams, and
box girders are not covered.