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the mammalian lineage (probably tetrapod lineage), whereas gpr54 - 2 became pre-
dominant in the teleost lineage. To date, there is no in situ hybridization study of
gpr54 in amphibians. Such studies may give us clues to understanding the history of
selection of gpr54 - 1 or - 2 during vertebrate evolution.
Kisspeptin as a Peptide Belonging to the RFamide
Family of Peptide
A phylogenic tree for the RFamide family of peptides is shown in Fig. 2.5 . As
shown in the fi gure, the kisspeptin genes have already diverged from the other
RFamide families and form an independent branch. The fi rst identifi cation of
Fig. 2.5 A phylogenetic tree of RFamide peptide family, including kiss1 and kiss2 . npff group and
gnih ( rfrp ) group share the same receptor, Gpr147 and 74. In addition, Kiss1 and Kiss2 have been
shown to activate Gpr147 and Gpr74 in some species as well. Comprehensive understanding of the
promiscuous relationship of ligands and receptors in the RFamide family of peptides is necessary
for the future studies. Adapted from Tsutsui et al., Discovery and Evolutionary History of
Gonadotrophin-Inhibitory Hormone and Kisspeptin: New Key Neuropeptides Controlling
Reproduction. J Neuroendron 716-727. 2010 © The British Society for Neuroendocrinology. With
permission from John Wiley and Sons
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