The Development of Kisspeptin Circuits in the Mammalian Brain - Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproductive Biology - page 240

absence of gonadal sex steroids during development, ARC Kiss1 neurons still develop
normally and have intact hormone responsiveness later in adulthood, suggesting
that this Kiss1 population may only be affected by activational effects of sex ste-
roids, rather than by permanent organizational effects that occur in the AVPV/PeN.
Overall, the development of kisspeptin circuits appears to be complex, region-
specifi c, sex-specifi c, and infl uenced by multiple factors. The upstream mechanism(s)
driving developmental and pubertal changes in kisspeptin neurons in each hypotha-
lamic region, and how gonadal and non-gonadal factors work together to control
development of the Kiss1 system, remain important questions whose answers will
provide a better understanding of the regulation of the reproductive neuroendocrine
axis at multiple life stages.
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