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Fig. 11.6 Regulation of Kiss1 expression in the ARC by apoptosis. ( a ) Kiss1 expression in the
ARC of GDX adult WT and Bax KO male mice show extra Kiss1 cells in the ARC, suggesting that
ARC Kiss1 neurons are regulated in early development by apoptosis. The “extra” Kiss1 cells in the
ARC show an expression pattern that is located dorsally in relation to the normal ARC Kiss1 popu-
lation typically found in WT mice. 3V third ventricle; mARC medial ARC. ( b ) Mean number of
Kiss1 cells in the ARC of adult female (F) and male (M) Bax KO and WT mice that were GDX for
9 day before sacrifi ce. Kiss1 gene expression in the ARC was signifi cantly higher in Bax KO mice
than WT mice ( P < 0.01), especially in males. *Signifi cantly different from female mice of same
genotype. ( a , b ) Modifi ed from Semaan SJ, Murray EK, Poling MC, Dhamija S, Forger NG,
Kauffman AS 2010 BAX-dependent and BAX-independent regulation of Kiss1 neuron develop-
ment in mice. Endocrinology 151:5807-5817. With permission from The Endocrine Society
In rats, initial studies detected Kiss1 expression in the whole hypothalamus on
PND 1 using RT-PCR, but it was not determined which specifi c nuclei (ARC,
AVPV/PeN, etc.) were responsible for this neonatal Kiss1 expression [ 12 ]. Based on
the AVPV/PeN developmental time-course discussed earlier, it is unlikely that the
source of this PND 1 Kiss1 expression is the AVPV/PeN. Rather, most, if not all, of
the hypothalamic Kiss1 detected in PND 1 rats was probably from the ARC popula-
tion. Several recent studies have now provided supporting evidence for this likeli-
hood. Using ISH, Kiss1 expression in the ARC was readily detected at PND 1 in
mice [ 98 ] and rats [ 47 , 99 ], as well as in rats in another study at the fi rst collected
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