Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials - Nanotechnologies for Water Environment Applications - page 599

Table 17.1 Examples of toxic effects of NMs (adapted from Handy and Shaw, 2007).
NMs Effects References

SWCNT Accumulates in rats and mice' lung, interstitial &

peribronchial inflammation in mice

Lam et al. (2004);
Warheit et al. (2004).

Fullerene Antibacterial; damages eukaryotic (or human) cell

lines; taken up by human keratinocytes; stabilizes
proteins;

Kamat et al. (2000);
Kai et al. (2003);
Sayes et al. (2004);
Lyon et al. (2005).

Fullerene
Derivatives

Antibacterial; cleave plasmid DNA; inhibits cancer
cell proliferation and protein folding; accumulates in
rats' liver

Tokuyama et al.
(1993); Cagle et al.
(1999); Babynin et al.
(2002).

TiO 2 Transient inflammatory in rats; antibacterial;

pulmonary inflammation in rodents; taken up by
blood cells, but the red cells are not damaged.

Rothen-Rutishauser et
al. (2006) ; Warheit et
al. (2006).

Ultrafine
Metallic Ni

Accumulates in rats' lung Serita et al. (1999).

Ag Lactate dehydrogenase leakage, mitochondrial

functions decreased (rats), mitochondrial functions
increased (mice), cell glutathione levels decrease,
and ROS generating

Braydich-Stolle et al.
(2005 ); Hussain et al.
(2005).

Ultrafine or
NP Carbon
Black

Ultrafine carbon caused 1.8-fold increase in
macrophage migration over the control rate, addition
of antioxidants abolished the effect

Barlow et al. (2005).

TiO 2 NPs,
Anastase or
Rutile

Anastase forms caused DNA damage, lipid
peroxidation and the appearance of hydrogen
peroxide in the medium, micro nuclei formation
indicating damage to nucleus. Stimulatory to spinach
seed germination and seedling growth at low dose,
phytotoxic at high doses. Rutile form was generally
much less toxic.

Gurr et al. (2005);
Sayes et al. (2006);
Wolfrum et al. (2002).

SiO 2 Pulmonary inflammation in rats; Mild toxicity due to

ROS production.

Chen et al. (2004);
Adams et al. (2006).

ZnO Antibacterial (micrometer scale); pulmonary effects

in animals and humans

Gordon et al. (1992);
Sawai et al. (1995).

with some lungs showing peribronchial inflammation and necrosis (patches of dead
cells/tissue) that spreaded throughout the lung. Warheit et al. (2004) evaluated the acute
toxicity of intratracheally instilled SWCNT in rats. Exposure to high-dose (5 mg/kg)
SWCNT produced mortality in ~15% of the SWCNT-treated rats within 24 h post-
instillation. Exposures to SWCNT caused transient inflammatory and cell injury.
Pulmonary exposures to SWCNT in rats produced a series of non-dose-dependent