Nanomembranes - Nanotechnologies for Water Environment Applications - page 386

addition of the 5 th NEWater Factory by 2011 will be able to supply 30% of Singapore's
water demand through domestic sewage reclamation.
Table 12.6 Domestic wastewater reuse in some of the major cities.

Reuse Volume
(x 10 6 m 3 )

City Year Reuse Application

Tokyo, Japan 1 1997 206 non-potable urban reuse

non-potable reuse and in-direct
potable reuse

Singapore 2 2007 93.8

Adelaide, Australia 3 2004-2005 20.7 -

Windhoek, Namibia
(Goreangab WRP) 1

makes up of 35% of the city
drinking water

- 2.1

North Barcelona 1 2002 2.6 non-potable reuse

1 Asano et al. (2007). 2 Stedman (2007). 3 WSAA (2007).

Primary
sedimentation

Domestic sewage

Secondary
treatment
(activated sludge
and secondary
clarifier)

Biofiltration
/MF/UF

Reverse osmosis

Non-potable reuse
(i.e. manufacturing
process and other
industries)
Indirect potable reuse
(i.e. recharge into
groundwater or blending
into reservoir)

UV disinfection

Reclaimed water

Figure 12.10 Treatment processes for domestic sewage reclamation.