Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Membrane Process
Cartridge prefilter
Ozonation
Clarifier
Coagulation
NF
Dual
layer
Filter
River
water
UV
Sand
Filter
Chlorination
Flocculation /
sedimentation
Ozonation
Biological activated
carbon filter
Coagulant
Product water
Biological Process
Figure 12.9
Scheme of conventional and NF train in Méry-sur-Oise water treatment
plant.
Water reclamation practices are increasing throughout the world especially in the
developed countries. This is due to the deteriorating quality of the conventional water
resources and the increasing demand for fresh water. Accordingly, many major cities
have adopted wastewater reclamation to augment their water supply. Some of these
reuse figures are presented in Table 12.6.
Singapore began its first initiative into domestic sewage reclamation in 1998
through a comprehensive Water Reclamation Study (NEWater Study) (jointly carried
out by the Singapore Public Utilities Board (PUB), the Ministry of the Environment
(ENV) and the National University of Singapore (NUS). It was conducted to determine
the feasibility and viability of using reclaimed water (known as NEWater) as a source of
raw water for augmenting Singapore's freshwater supply. Two full-scale NEWater
plants were commissioned in February 2003, following favorable results from the
NEWater Study (ENV and PUB, 2002; PUB, 2003). Indirect potable reuse is practiced
by introducing a suitable amount of NEWater into reservoirs that will eventually be
subjected to further purification by water treatment facilities before being used to
supplement the potable water needs of Singapore. In 2007, Singapore has increased its
reclamation capacity to meet 15% of its water demand (MEWR, 2007a). A planned
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