Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
In the long-term perspective, electrochromic foil technology may be combined
with membrane architecture to yield lightweight constructions with little embodied
energy (Ishii
1999
; Koch
2004
). This gives possibilities to control energy flows
over large areas and devise zones that bridge indoor conditions with those of a
harsher outdoor climate. Membranes of this kind are not unknown but have been
put forward by visionaries such as Buckminster Fuller (Gorman
2005
) and Frei
Otto (Nerdinger
2005
). Membrane architecture can also benefit from advances in
building materials, such as the emergence of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
(Fernández
2007
; LeCuyer
2008
) with proven long-term durability.
References
Abe Y, Itadani N, Kawamura M (2009) Ion conducting properties of hydrogen-containing Ta
2
O
5
thin films prepared by reactive sputtering. Vacuum 83:528-530
Ahn K-S, Nah Y-C, Park J-Y et al (2003) Bleached state transmittance in charge-unbalanced all-
solid state electrochromic devices. Appl Phys Lett 82:3379-3382
Ahn K-S, Nay Y-C, Sung Y-E et al (2002) All-solid-state electrochromic device composed of
WO
3
and Ni(OH)
2
with a Ta
2
O
5
protective layer. Appl Phys Lett 81:3930-3932
Anders A (2010) A structure zone diagram including plasma-based deposition and ion etching.
Thin Solid Films 518:4087-4090
Araki S, Nakamura K, Kobayashi K et al (2012) Electrochemical optical-modulation device with
reversible transformation between transparent, mirror, and black. Adv Mater 24:OP122-
OP126
Assimakopoulos MN, Tsangrassoulis A, Guarracino G et al (2004) Integrated energetic approach
for a controllable electrochromic device. Energy Build 36:415-422
ASTM (2008) G173-03 standard tables of reference solar spectral irradiances: Direct normal and
hemispherical on a 37 tilted surface, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society
for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, vol. 14.04.
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/
am1.5
Cited 19 Nov 2012
Avendaño E, Azens A, Niklasson GA et al (2004) Electrochromism in nickel oxide films
containing Mg, Al, Si, V, Zr, Nb, Ag, or Ta. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 84:337-350
Avendaño E, Azens A, Niklasson GA et al (2005) Proton diffusion and electrochromism in
hydrated NiO
y
and Ni
1-x
V
x
O
y
thin films. J Electrochem Soc 152:F203-F212
Avendaño E, Berggren L, Niklasson GA et al (2006) Electrochromic materials and devices: brief
survey and new data on optical absorption in tungsten oxide and nickel oxide films. Thin Solid
Films 496:30-36
Avendaño E, Rensmo H, Azens A et al (2009) Coloration mechanism in proton-intercalated
electrochromic hydrated NiO
y
and Ni
1-x
V
x
O
y
thin films. J Electrochem Soc 156:P132-P138
Aydogdu GH, Ruzmetov D, Ramanathan S (2010) Metastable oxygen incorporation into thin film
NiO by low temperature active oxidation: Influence on hole conduction. J Appl Phys
108:113702/1-113702/6
Azens A, Granqvist CG (2003a) Electrochromic smart windows: Energy efficiency and device
aspects. J Solid State Electrochem 7:64-68
Azens A, Kullman L, Granqvist CG (2003b) Ozone coloration of Ni and Cr oxide films. Solar
Enegy Mater Solar Cells 76:147-153
Azens A, Gustavsson G, Karmhag R et al (2003c) Electrochromic devices on polyester foil. Solid
State Ionics 165:1-5
