Toxicity Issues: Indoor Air Quality - Nearly Zero Energy Building Refurbishment - page 331

Table 4 Particulate matter and main indoor sources

Source PM size References

Fossil fuels and biomass combustion PM 10 ,PM 2.5 Pekey et al. ( 2010 )

Cleaning: vacuuming and sweeping PM 10 ,PM 2.5 Corsi et al. ( 2008 )

Cooking Oven cooking, toasting, barbecuing PM 2.5 Abt et al. ( 2000 ),

Jones et al. ( 2000 )

Sautéing PM 10 Abt et al. ( 2000 )

Frying PM 10 PM 2.5 Abt et al. ( 2000 )

Movement of people PM 10 Abt et al. ( 2000 )

Environmental tobacco smoke PM 2.5 Jones et al. ( 2000 )

Construction and demolition activities PM 10 Latif et al. ( 2011 )

smoking were reported. In the EXPOLIS study, personal exposure concentrations
were also measured and reported to be even higher than indoor concentrations
(Kruize et al. 2003 ; Lai et al. 2004 ).
A study performed in the USA reported similar PM 2.5 concentrations in 10
schools (Ligman et al. 1999 ). A recent review on indoor pollutants and their
concentration reported that typical concentrations of PM 2.5 in public buildings
ranged between 1 and 150 lg/m 3 , with maximum values of 500 lg/m 3 in build-
ings located in places with high-traffic density or where indoor potential sources
were present, such as tobacco smoking (Kolarik et al. 2012 ). Mean values of the
studies summarised in Fig. 4 are in that ranges.
WHO guidelines for IAQ (WHO 2010 ) reported that there is no convincing
evidence of a more hazardous nature of PM from indoor sources with respect to the

100

10

1

0

Cities
>100.000 inh.,
USA [1]

Boston,
USA [2]

Athens,
Greece [3]

Basel,
Switzerland [3]

Helsinki,
Finland [3]

Prague,
Czech
Republic [3]

Oxford,
UK [4]

Three urban
centers, USA
[5]

Workplace (building) indoor Residential indoor Outdoor

Fig. 4 Indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 mean concentration values from selected studies performed in
the USA and Europe: (1) BASE study: Ligman et al. 1999 , (2) Abt et al., 2000 , (3) EXPOLIS
study in Athens, Basel, Helsinki and Prague (Kruize et al., 2003 ) (4) EXPOLIS study in Oxford
(Lai et al. 2004 ) (5) RIOPA study: Weisel et al. 2005 (5). For the BASE study, geometric mean
values are shown. All outdoor mean values correspond to residences except (1) and (5). Bars
indicate standard error