Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
built environment involving close collaboration of major stakeholders can lead to
good results. Various parties are involved in the brief, design, construction,
maintenance, facilities management, demolition and utilization of energy-efficient
built environment, their cooperation taking rather long period of time.
Passive systems are the last technical components in each energy chain.
Examples of passive systems include a car (excluding the engine) which delivers
transport, or a house (without the boiler or lighting device) which provides thermal
comfort and illumination (Cullen and Allwood
2010
). Cullen and Allwood (
2010
)
describe passive energy systems within three broad categories (vehicles, factories
and building):
Vehicle: car (light-duty vehicle: car, mini-van, SUV, pick-up), truck (heavy-duty
vehicle: urban delivery, long-haul, bus), plane (aircraft: jet engine, propeller), ship
(ocean, lake and river craft: ship, barge, ferry), train (rail vehicle: diesel, diesel-
electric, electric, steam)
Factory: driven system (system refrigerator, air compressor, conveyor and pump),
steam system (medium temperature application: petrochemical cracker, reaction
vessel and cleaning facility),
Furnace (high temperature application: blast furnace, arc furnace, smelter, oven)
Building: hot water system (fuel and electric immersion boilers), heated/cooled
space (residential/commercial indoor space), appliance (refrigerator, cooker,
washer, dryer, dishwasher, electronic devices), illuminated space (residential/
commercial indoor space, outdoor space).
Demand-side energy-conservation measures include improving the energy-out/
energy-in efficiency of end uses (e.g. with more efficient vehicles, more efficient
lighting, better insulation in homes, and the use of heat-exchange and filtration
systems), directing demand to low-energy-use modes (e.g. using public transit or
telecommuting instead of driving), large-scale planning to reduce energy demand
without compromising economic activity or comfort (e.g. designing cities to
facilitate greater use of non-motorized transport and to have better matching of
origins and destinations, thereby reducing the need for travel), and designing
buildings to use solar energy directly (e.g. with more daylighting, solar hot water
heating, and improved passive solar heating in winter and cooling in summer)
(Jacobson and Delucchi
2011
).
Keirstead et al. (
2012
) first presented a definition of urban energy systems, as
the combined processes of acquiring and using energy to satisfy the energy service
demands of a given urban area. This set the context and scope for a review of 219
papers, covering five distinct areas of practice (Keirstead et al.
2012
):
• Technology design: The studies focused on energy supply technologies
including the design and performance of urban wind turbines; solar energy
systems including PV, hot water and cooling; other heating or cooling tech-
nologies, including fuel cells; vehicle performance under urban load cycles;
waste-to-energy systems.
