Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
provided by the producer companies in the sector. Inventory datasets on energy
supply (electricity and fuels) and transportation are derived from (Frischknecht
et al.
2007
). LCI model is carried out by using the SimaPro software (PRè-Product
Ecology Consultants
2010
). Fuel consumption and air emissions from transporta-
tion are calculated depending on the transport mode and the distance between sites.
According to the system boundary definition, the authors considered in this
phase all the processes which concern the production of materials and plants, and
the construction process, including transport to the building site, erection, and
installation process.
Figures
4
and
5
show the composition of the materials embedded in the
building envelope and in the thermal plant. Moving from the Baseline scenario to
the Refurbishment scenario, the mass variation of the embodied materials is
assumed negligible.
As highlighted in Fig.
6
, the embodied energy for the envelope components and
the thermal plant also has negligible variation from the first scenario to the second
one.
Energy consumption for space heating and cooling, ventilation, DHW gener-
ation, indoor lighting, and electrical appliances is calculated starting from the
outcomes of the monitoring activity previously described in Baseline scenario
(nearly Net ZEB), while a one-year transient simulation is carried out through
TRNSYS software to calculate the energy requirement in Refurbishment scenario
(Net ZEB).
With regard to the Refurbishment scenario, the most performing PV system
involves higher electricity generation, while the other assumed options contribute
to reduce the electricity use.
Rockwool
1.12%
Plasterboard
0.31%
Wood
0.88%
Polystyrene
0.63%
Glass
0.07%
PVC
0.01%
Alluminium
0.20%
Steel
3.43%
Bitumen
0.10%
Ceramic
1.78%
Cement and
plaster
2.28%
Brick
18.02%
Rubber
0.49%
Polyurethane
0.08%
Concrete
70.59%
Fig. 4
Materials embodied in the LH envelope
