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diseases. Irrigation is not adjusted often for changes in evaporative demand due to
weather changes, but rather is limited to gross changes when the seasons change [16].
FIGURE 2 Micro-irrigation systems for pot-in-pot nursery production: (A) typical micro
irrigation system with main lines running adjacent to the container row and single spray stakes
from the main line to the container; (B) pot-in-pot prior to planting. The main irrigation line is
under the nursery fabric; (C) microsprinkler; and (D) spray stakes in each individual container.
21.4.2 SUBSTRATE MOISTURE-BASED SCHEDULING
Substrate moisture sensors (SMS) have emerged as a smart tool for implementing
precision irrigation in intensive agriculture. SMS measure real time substrate moisture
status, whenever a preset threshold water content is reached, an irrigation control-
ler calculates the timing, amount and duration of irrigation required to replenish the
water in a growing substrate to a preset level (generally container capacity) as evalu-
ated in Hydrangea quercifolia 'Alice' [18] and in H. macrophylla 'Fasan' and Garde-
nia Jasminoides 'Radicans' [48]. SMS match plant water requirements considering
 
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