Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
10
Conclusions
Ioannis N. Vogiatzakis
10.1 Introduction
Mountain ecosystems are important functional components of the planet and have
provided model systems within the realms of ecological and sociocultural theories.
Mediterranean mountains are typical examples of these systems, which display the
diversity and complexity of the Mediterranean Basin itself. Although extensively
terraced, grazed and planted, Mediterranean mountains are still considered natural
and unspoilt. The rapid changes that are taking place in the Mediterranean (King
et al.,
2001) are also affecting mountain environments in the area. These changes,
some of which have been described in this topic, are not only associated with the
physical aspects but equally importantly with the socioeconomic responses to ex-
ternalities. Mountains are influenced by a series of political, socioeconomic and
cultural processes that take place within and beyond their boundaries. All Mediter-
ranean mountains are similar in the following ways:
The insular environment of mountains has a major impact on ecological and
socioeconomic characteristics.
Although biodiversity decreases with altitude, endemism increases, with
mountains assuming the role of species refugia.
They all provide a range of 'common/similar' ecosystem services (biodiver-
sity, water, energy, traditional ecological knowledge) that extend beyond their
boundaries.
They have been and still are divine sanctuaries, have played a significant role
in the development of the main religions in the region, and continue to provide
refuge to mountain cultures.
Human impact is quite limited compared to the lowlands, with agriculture,
grazing and tourism being the main activities.
