Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Traxler, Greg. 1999. “Balancing Basic, Genetic Enhancement and Cultivar
Development in an Evolving U.S. Plant Germplasm System,”
AgBioForum
2, 1: 43-47.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (USDA/ERS).
Agricultural Biotechnology Intellectual Property Database, available at:
www.ers.usda.gov/data/agbiotechip/
U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, Bureau of
Industry and Security. 2003.
A Survey of the Use of Biotechnology in U.S.
Industry
, October.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Search USDA Releases
and Notifications, Information Systems for Biotechnology, Blacksburg,
VA, available at: www.isb.vt.edu/Default.aspx.
End Notes
1
By “seed,” we refer to all planting material used in crop production, including seed grains,
cuttings, seedlings, and other plant propagation materials. Our defi nition of the seed
“market” also includes transactions for seed traits, including licensing of genetic material
used in seed production.
2
We used Context Network estimates of the value of farmer-saved seed between 2001 and 2006
and extrapolated for earlier and later years. We followed this procedure to maintain
consistency in sources for the different categories of seed. However, given substantial areas
planted to farmer-saved seed in developing countries, and even seed for some open-
pollinated crops in highincome countries, underestimates are likely. More accurate
estimates could be found by performing a country-bycountry analysis of seed markets for
major crops, an exercise beyond the scope of this study.
3
Both the estimate of regional seed market shares for Asia-Pacifi c and other estimates, like the
share of the global seed market held by rice seed, are particularly infl uenced by how
information from China's governmentowned seed enterprises is defi ned and measured.
4
Although the terms of licensing and royalty agreements are, in general, not public information,
most such agreements include statements that define property rights pertaining to each party
to the agreement, the cost of the license, the mechanisms for royalty payments, potential
philanthropic or humanitarian use, technology stewardship, and enforcement and litigation
provisions (Cahoon, 2007). One feature of such agreements that has gained considerable
recent attention concerns the rights of the licensee to combine the licensed technology with
other technologies, either self-developed or licensed from alternative sources.
5
Available at www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/index.asp.
6
Available at www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/Create_Federal_All.jsp.
7
Available at www.ers.usda.gov/data/biotechcrops/.
8
Available at www.ers.usda.gov/data/arms/app/default.aspx?survey_abb=CROP. We interpolated
to calculate seeding rates for years in which they were not estimated.
9
This method may slightly overstate the germplasm value for self-pollinating crops like
soybeans, for which farmers may use part of their own harvest as seed for the next season.
