PRIVATE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR CROP GENETIC IMPROVEMENT - Genetically Engineered Crops in America - page 143

3) Interaction between other policies and seed-biotechnology R&D.
Concerns about potential anti-competitive behavior in the seed-
biotechnology sector have expanded beyond distributional effects of
seed pricing to questions of whether antitrust policy needs to consider
R&D concentration and behavior in trait markets as well as in ulti-
mate seed markets (Moss, 2009; Monsanto, 2009). Regulatory policy
as some of the first GM traits (e.g., first generation herbicide toler-
ance) come off-patent may also determine the potential for entry by
firms marketing generic GM crops. Small generic firms that might
otherwise be willing and able to develop and market GM seed with an
off-patent trait might be less able to meet regulatory compliance
requirements than the larger firms that initially marketed the tech-
nology when it was still under patent.
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