Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Statement of Policy.
(1992).
Foods
Derived
from
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End Notes
1
In the United States, under guidelines issued by USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (as published in the
Federal Register
, 7CFR340: 340.1), genetic engineering is
defined as “the genetic modification of organisms by recombinant DNA techniques”
(Fernandez-Cornejo and McBride, 2000). A full biotechnology glossary is in USDA (2005).
2
Some firms evolved in the 1990s toward developing “life sciences” complexes organized
around the development of products such as agricultural chemicals, seeds, foods and food
ingredients, and pharmaceuticals based on applications of related research in biotechnology
and genetics. However, most of those life sciences companies have since divested their
agricultural operations after “failing to realize adequate returns on their investments”
(Shoemaker et al., 2003, p.32; Fernandez-Cornejo, 2004, p.42).
3
Also, there has been an upward trend in the adoption of “stacked gene” varieties (with traits of
herbicide tolerance and insect resistance) in the case of cotton and corn.
4
This yield decrease occurred mostly in early years. HT or Bt genes were introduced into high-
yielding cultivars in later years.
5
Entomologists estimate that the corn rootworm causes up to $1 billion in corn yield losses and
insecticide expenditures annually in the U.S. (Comis).
