Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2.7
Degree of public intervention (percent)
Indicator/
period
Bangladesh
a
India
Indonesia
b
Pakistan
Philippines
c
Procurement as percentage of total production (milled rice)
Rice
1970s
1.52
9.82
3.54
—
6.13
1980s
1.82
14.01
6.80
—
5.28
1990s
3.31
16.88
4.51
—
2.53
2001-03
3.11
25.26
—
—
2.68
Wheat
1970s
2.60
18.33
—
—
5.18
1980s
9.06
19.53
—
29.69
1.16
1990s
4.68
20.88
—
24.39
0.25
2001-03
5.28
22.32
—
20.50
—
Distribution as percentage of total supply
d
Rice
1970s
4.33
9.46
10.82
—
4.69
1980s
3.83
14.65
9.11
—
8.35
1990s
3.31
13.42
6.67
—
10.50
2001-02
3.47
15.45
11.83
—
12.71
Wheat
1970s
81.24
26.41
95.66
—
1.67
1980s
66.14
19.73
102.37
27.04
0.89
1990s
39.65
17.62
97.30
35.31
3.82
2001-02
19.85
19.56
92.60
22.66
7.94
SOURCES
: Ahmed, Haggblade, and Chowdhury (2000) and Food Planning and Monitoring unit for
Bangladesh; NFA website for the Philippines; Rashid and Gulati (2003) for India; Timmer (1996:
Appendix) and Arifin (2003) for Indonesia; FAOSTAT (2004) CD-ROM for supply and production
statistics.
NOTE
: — indicates not available.
a
The distribution figures in Bangladesh include food aid, which is the main source of support in so-
cial safety net programs.
b
Because domestic production is miniscule, the distribution of wheat in Indonesia is calculated as
the total wheat import as percentage of total supply.
c
The Philippines figures under wheat are for white maize.
d
Total supply of food, taken from FAOSTAT, includes only the food available for human con-
sumption and is defined as the sum of production, net import, and change in domestic stock.
policy has also created a large group of stakeholders that include about a half-
million ration shops, almost a quarter-billion ration cards, and more than 6,000
state marketing and regulatory agencies (including
mandi
boards) directly in-
volved with public food management programs (Rashid and Gulati 2003).
In Indonesia, BULOG operated with about 500 employees during the first
five years of its operation, which jumped to six thousand by the 1990s—at a
