Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2.1
Indicators of infrastructure status
Indicator/
All six
period
Bangladesh
India
Indonesia
Pakistan
Philippines
Vietnam
countries
Paved roads (thousand kilometers)
1970
3.7
334.17
21.1
17.49
13.5
—
78.0
2000
13.9
1,363.00
203.21
65.2
17.1
96.1
293.1
Ground line telephones (per 1,000 people)
1960s
—
1.450
1.100
1.850
3.600
—
2.000
1970s
0.967
2.700
1.850
3.117
7.717
—
3.270
1980s
1.578
4.370
3.970
5.240
9.500
1.189
4.308
1990s
2.684
16.124
18.970
16.632
23.782
13.835
15.338
2001
4.303
37.523
34.512
23.322
42.381
37.598
29.940
Cellular phones (per 1,000 people)
1980s
—
—
0.045
0.018
—
—
0.032
1990s
0.468
1.332
4.306
0.854
19.142
2.277
4.730
2001
3.961
6.262
31.175
5.601
149.576
15.424
35.333
Televisions (per 1,000 people)
1970
0.12
0.05
0.75
1.51
10.67
23.42
6.09
1980s
2.80
7.32
33.69
14.81
30.06
34.69
20.56
1990s
6.35
57.25
109.00
63.25
98.13
117.47
75.24
2000
6.98
78.03
149.46
130.97
143.79
184.76
115.67
Radios (per 1,000 people)
1970
12.79
31.05
8.51
49.50
41.04
65.53
34.74
1980s
31.75
61.52
134.21
84.29
75.77
101.03
81.43
1990s
46.52
103.96
151.77
101.13
147.43
106.11
109.49
2000
49.44
120.53
157.19
105.09
161.23
108.67
117.03
SOURCE
: Authors' calculations based on data from World Bank (2003).
NOTE
: An “s” after the year reflects the average for the decade. — indicates not available.
nam; every other household in Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Philippines; every
third household in India, and every twenty-ninth household in Bangladesh had
a TV set. Radio ownership has also increased by similar magnitudes in the 1990s.
The improvements in infrastructure and information flow are reflected in
recent studies of market integration (Table 2.2). Three different studies on the
Philippines, using three different methodologies, conclude that provincial mar-
kets for rice are well integrated, although Mendoza and Rosegrant (1995) found
corn markets to be poorly integrated. Similarly, analyzing prices in 27 provinces
for various time periods, studies have concluded that the Indonesian rice mar-
kets are rapidly adjusting and are well integrated. In Bangladesh performance
of rice markets has changed from being severely disorganized in the 1970s to
being integrated in the 1990s.
