Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Rainfall
38”
Evapo-
Transpiration
21”
Soil
Fractured
bedrock
Runoff
6.6”
Aquifer
Baseflow
10.5” or 780
gpd/acre
Figure 1-2
The hydrologic cycle on an undeveloped unit area (in./yr).
Table 1-1 Annual Rainfall in Major U.S. Cities
City
Annual Rainfall (in.)
Annual Snowfall (in.)
Albany, NY
38.6
64.4
Anchorage, AL
16.1
70.8
Atlanta, GA
50.2
2.1
Austin, TX
33.6
0.9
Boston, MA
42.5
42.8
Charlotte, NC
43.5
5.6
Chicago, IL
36.3
38.0
Denver, CO
15.8
60.3
Duluth, MN
31.0
80.6
Honolulu, HI
18.3
0
Houston, TX
47.8
0.4
Source:
[1].
It is also possible to structure a more complicated model of this dynamic
process (Figure 1-3), realizing that the water movement through all elements
is continuous, while some elements, such as the soil mantle, act as short-term
storage units, holding or releasing moisture from year to year. Other processes,
such as evapotranspiration, vary greatly from season to season, and by location,
throughout the year. Thus even this more complex graphic fails to fully describe
the water balance cycle.
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