Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
large defl ections (small displacement theory is no longer valid)
(
Figure 21.3(a,b)
).
Shells - which transmit the applied loads as membrane stresses
21.2.1.4 Classifi cation by connection
Over the last 30 years, the trend to increase the architectural
transparency of glass assemblies has fuelled rapid develop-
ments in glass connections. There are two principal categor-
ies of connections for glass: (a) framed glazing connections
(also known as linear supports); and (b) frameless glazing con-
nections (sometimes referred to as discrete or point supports).
These two can be subdivided further as described below.
■
acting on a tangential plane at a given point to the surface
(
Figure 21.4
).
In some cases, glass elements may behave in a combined mode,
for example, in beam-column action.
Conventional framed glazing
In framed glazing (
Figure 21.5
) a framework of prismatic
rectilinear elements known as profi les and generally made of
timber, aluminium alloy or steel, is used to support glazing
infi ll panels. The glazing panels are held in position between
the profi le and an external capping strip. Gaskets made of
ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), neoprene
(a)
Figure 21.4 Prototype glass shell at the University of Stuttgart,
Germany (image courtesy of Werner Sobek Engineers)
Insulated Glazing Unit (IGU)
(b)
Silicone
secondary
seal
Edge
Spacer
Glass
Aluminium
profile
EPDM or
neoprene gasket
Aluminium
cap
Figure 21.3 Glass plates: (a) frameless glass facade at the at Parc
La Villette, Paris; (b) post-tensioned glass facade at Kempinski Hotel,
Munich
Figure 21.5 Horizontal section through a conventional framed
glazing mullion
