Loading - ICE Manual of Structural Design: Buildings - page 168

For propped embedded walls use Ko. Cook, N. J. (1990). The Designer's Guide to Wind Loading of Building

Structures, Part 1: Background, Damage Survey, Wind Data, and
Structural Classification. . Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Cook, N. J. (1990). The Designer's Guide to Wind Loading of
Building Structures, Part 2: Static Structures . Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann.
Cook, N. J. (2007). Designers' Guide to EN1991-1-4: Eurocode 1-
Actions on Structures. General Actions: Wind Actions, Parts 1-4 .
London: Thomas Telford.
Cormie, D., Mays, G. and Smith, P. (2009). Blast Effects on Buildings ,
2nd edn. London: Thomas Telford.
Fintel, M., Ghosh. S. K. and Iyengar, H. (1987). Column Shortening
in Tall Structures: Prediction and Compensation. Illinois: Portland
Cement Association.
Franssen, J.-M. and Real, P. V. (2010). Fire Design of Steel Structures.
Berlin: Wiley/Ernst and Sohn.
Gorenc, B. E. and Tinyou, R. (1989). Steel Designers Handbook, 6th
edn. Kensington: New South Wales University Press.
Holmes, J. D. Wind Loading of Structures , 2nd edn. London: Taylor &
Francis.
Institution of Structural Engineers (2003). Introduction to the Fire
Safety Engineering of Structures. London: IStructE.
Institution of Structural Engineers (2007). Guide to the Advanced
Fire Safety Engineering of Structures. London: IStructE.
International Code Council (2012). International Building Code.
Washington, DC: ICC.
Maguire, J. R. and Wyatt, T. (2002). Dynamics: An Introduction for
Civil and Structural Engineers: ICE Design and Practice Guide ,
2nd edn. London: Thomas Telford.
Morrison, J. (2005). Approximate Methods of Analysis , 2nd edn.
Bath: Buro Happold.
Reynolds, C. E. and Steedman, J. C. (1996). Reinforced Concrete
Designer ' s Handbook, 10th edn. London: Spon.
US Army Corps of Engineers, Naval Facilities Engineering Command,
Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (2002). Design and
Analysis of Hardened Structures to Conventional Weapons Effects.
UFC 3-340-01. Washington, DC: US Army Corps of Engineers
and Defense Special Weapons Agency.

■

■

For overconsolidated clays (such as found in the UK) typical Ko

is 1.5.

■

For overconsolidated sands Ko around 1.0.

Water levels are far more critical than the actual Phi of a soil

■

(hence use 30 degrees for 'first concept' work).

10.14 Conclusions
Dr E. H. Brown defines structural engineering as 'The art of
moulding materials we do not really understand into shapes
we cannot really analyze, so as to withstand forces we cannot
really assess, in such a way that the public does not really sus-
pect.' Although he wrote this in 1967 and significant progress
has been made in terms of understanding materials and forces
and developing increasingly complex methods for analysis of
structural behaviour we must recognise that as professional
engineers we must be constantly aware of the limits in our
understanding of 'real' structural behaviour. The art of engi-
neering needs to remain a subject of engineering judgement
and not adherence to limited and limiting codes of practice.
The determination of loads to be used in any structural design
should be based upon the best possible understanding of the
past, present and future of the building being considered and
reasoned and consistent judgement.

10.15 References
Alexander, S., Clarke, J., Jones, T. and Morrison, J. (2008). Movement,
Restraint and Cracking in Concrete Structures. Technical Report
67. Camberley, Surrey: Concrete Society.
Biggs, J. M. (1964). Introduction to Structural Dynamics . New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Brown, E. H. (1967). Structural Analysis, Volume 1. New York: John
Wiley.
BSI (2004). Eurocode 2 - Design of Concrete Structures: General
Rules and Rules for Buildings. London: BSI, BS EN 1992-1-
1:2004.

10.15.1 Useful websites
www.steelconstruct.com