Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
and indeed with all relevant
stakeholders
and actors
on a site or a project. Examples include
ecological
economics
,
restoration ecology
and
sustainability
science
. Similar concepts are expressed by the aca-
demic terms ' post - normal science ' , ' mode 2 know-
ledge ' , ' integration and implementation sciences ' or
' interdisciplinary
usually at or near the surface; lands that are some-
times or always covered by shallow water, or have
saturated soils long enough to support plants
adapted for life in wet conditions.
Wilderness
Self - regulating nature with little or no
human infl uence (Swart
et al
. 2001 ).
Woodland
A
vegetation type
(and the associated
biotic community
) dominated by broad-leaved trees
but with a lower tree density (or canopy projection)
than
forests
. Typically, the open areas between trees
bear grasses, forbs, and shrubs unless they are
removed by plowing, burning, or overgrazing.
' Dehesas ' , in Spanish, also called ' montados ' in Por-
tuguese, are a type of anthropogenic woodland or
savanna whose origin is tied to human use and
activities. Savannas are a particular type of interface
between
grassland
and open
woodland
.
Zonation
On the local and regional scale, biolo-
gical communities vary as the individual species
respond to
environmental gradients
. Examples are
gradients in moisture, altitude and soil type. The
associated type of
community
variation is known as
zonation.
problem
solving '
(Kueffer
et al
.
2010 ).
Transhumance
Transfer of domestic livestock from
one grazing ground to another, as from lowlands to
highlands, with the changing of seasons.
Translocation
The process of collecting genotypes
offsite for planting or release at a project site within
the natural range of the target species (Morrison
2009). See also
reintroduction
.
Vegetation type
A broad classifi cation of vegetation
based mainly on appearance, predominance of
certain growth forms, characteristic plant species
composition and/or functional or dynamic charac-
teristics. Examples are
shrubland
,
woodland
or
grass-
land
, which can also be studied as entire
ecosystems
Wetland
Land which is transitional between terres-
trial and aquatic systems where the water table is
