Quantitative Raman Spectroscopy of Biomaterials for Arthroplastic Applications - Emerging Raman Applications and Techniques in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields - page 405

Fig. 17.3. Raman spectroscopy analysis on a zirconia femoral head retrieved after
being fractured in the human body. The center photograph represents the largest
piece of the fractured head. In (a )- (c) , a scanning electron micrograph, a stress map
in the residual tetragonal phase, and a map of transformed monoclinic fraction are
given, respectively, as collected at the fracture origin (cf. upper corner of the conical
cavity). Typical Raman spectra are shown at various locations, which quantitatively
reveal the monoclinic contents at different locations, as indicated on the photograph.
In the spectra, the band labeled “plasma” is intrinsic to the laser and was used as
an internal calibration of the Raman instrument. (d )and (e) An equilibrium stress
map and a monoclinic volume fraction map as collected on the bearing surface of
the femoral head. In this context, the term equilibrium stress refers to an average
stress magnitude weighted by the volume fraction of the two constituent phases [3]
state. Two retrieved acetabular cups, both sterilized by EtO, were obtained at
the time of the respective hip arthroplasty revision surgeries. The acetabular
components (manufactured by Kyocera Co.) were both employed in female
patients in cemented total hip arthroplasty and retrieved due to aseptic loos-
ening. One of the retrieved acetabular cup belonged to a 49-year-old female
patient for which the follow-up period was 25 years 3 months. In the remainder
of this chapter, this cup will be referred to as “cup A.” The other retrieval also
belonged to a female patient (52 years old). For this latter cup, the follow-up
period was 17 years 9 months. This acetabular cup is referred to as “cup B.”