Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
University campuses are also a very popular subject to model. Most 3D virtual
campuses have been published on Google Earth. In 2007 and 2008, the motivation
to create 3D models of university buildings on Google Earth was reinforced by
Google
s announcement of the “Model Your Campus Competition”. Detailed
models of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, China; Nicolas Copernicus
University, Poland; Stockholm University and KTH, Sweden; and Cardiff Univer-
sity, UK, were among the winners in 2008 (Winners Collection
2008
). In
Armenakis and Sohn (
2009
), a 3D model of York University was created.
However, several other approaches to 3D campus modelling have also been
published. Over et al. (
2010
) dealt with the generation of interactive 3D city models
based on the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project and presented a virtual complex of the
University of Heidelberg online at
www.osm-3d.org
. A CityGML-based 3D model
of the University of Cologne Campus was published in Willmes et al. (
2010
).
Mapping interiors and navigating inside buildings have become recent topics for
Google (GoogleBlog
2011
), OpenStreetMap (IndoorOSM
2013
) and also other
companies and researchers (
ˇ
ezn´k et al.
2013
; Indoor/Projects
2013
). Goetz and
Zipf (
2012
) presented an approach extending an OSM tagging schema to the indoor
environment and applied the extension in modelling a selected building of the
University of Heidelberg.
In the Czech Republic, several 3D models of campuses were created as part of
theses. Slov
´ˇ
ek (
2002
) processed a pair of aerial photogrammetric images in
ERDAS IMAGINE software to model a building complex of the Technical Uni-
versity of Ostrava. The same technique was used in Oliv
´
k(
2003
) to create a virtual
3D model of the University of West Bohemia. Mal
´
(
2009
) and Russn
´
k(
2012
)
used a building passport to model the University Campus at Bohunice and the
Faculty of Science at Masaryk University. A detailed interactive indoor 3D model
of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, was
created by Kratochv
´
l(
2006
) and Hol
´
(
2008
).
'
Technologies for Detailed 3D City Mapping
3D city models are not only analysed in the context of geoinformation systems. The
fields of architecture, engineering, and construction as well as computer graphics
provide their own approaches for the representation and exchange of 3D models.
Both proprietary technology and widely accepted standards are applied to all the
fields mentioned above. Among the standardized solutions are included IFC (
Indus-
try Foundation Class
), which is designed to store FM data; CityGML, which is
described in detail below; and INSPIRE Data specification for Buildings, which has
a wide range of applications (Herman and
ˇ
ezn´k
2013
). The proprietary approach
is represented by the Building and Technology Passport.
