The history of international environmental law - Introduction to International Environmental Law - page 42

as well? Could the Draft International Covenant on Environment and
Development from the IUCN introduce better principles?
4 Comment on the institutional infrastructure for global environmental
protection. What are its strengths and weaknesses and how can it be
improved?

Notes
1 Convention for the Protection of Birds Useful to Agriculture, http://eelink.
net/~asilwildlife/bird_1902.html
2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
index.shtml

3 See African Charter on Human and People's Rights, Article 24, and Additional
Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, Article 11.
4 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,
Stockholm, 1972, http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?do
cumentid=97&articleid=1503 Interestingly, the fi rst Principle refers to a sort of
human right to an unpolluted environment, more clearly than any other interna-
tional declarations have done before or since.
5 See Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29 July
1960, as amended by the Additional Protocol of 28 January 1964 and by the
Protocol of 16 November 1982, http://www.oecd-nea.org/law/nlparis_conv.
html
6 The international liability regime was embodied primarily in two instruments: the
Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage of 1963 and the Paris
Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 1960 linked
by the Joint Protocol adopted in 1988. In September 1997, delegates from over 80
states adopted a Protocol to amend the 1963 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability
for Nuclear Damage and also adopted a Convention on Supplementary
Compensation for Nuclear Damage. See further http://www.iaea.org/Publications/
Documents/Conventions/liability.html
7 Convention relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear
Material (NUCLEAR), http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/
ListOfConventions/Pages/Convention-relating-to-Civil-Liability-in-the-Field-
of-Maritime-Carriage-of-Nuclear-Material-(NUCLEAR).aspx
8 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954,
http://www.unescap.org/drpad/vc/orientation/legal/3_marine.htm#_1_1
9 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC),
1969, http://www.imo.org/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/interna-
tional-convention-on-civil-liability-for-oil-pollution-damage-(clc).aspx
10 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of
Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969, http://www.imo.org/about/conventions/listof-
conventions/pages/international-convention-relating-to-intervention-on-the-
high-seas-in-cases-of-oil-pollution-casualties.aspx
11 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and
Other Matter: adoption 13 November 1972; entry into force 30 August 1975; 1996
Protocol: adoption 7 November 1996; entry into force 24 March 2006. See http://
www.imo.org/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/convention-on-the-
prevention-of-marine-pollution-by-dumping-of-wastes-and-other-matter.aspx
12 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL):
adoption 1973 (Convention), 1978 (1978 Protocol), 1997 (Protocol - Annex VI);