Glossary - Afforestation, Reforestation and Forest Restoration in Arid and Semi-arid Tropics - page 268

and a strong culture leaning towards quick adaptation are essential values that an
organisation must possess for effective organisational development.
Organisational effectiveness The ability of an organisation to deliver its goals
within specified time and with specified level of quality and efficiency of means. It
is the structure, the nature, and the standard of the people in an organisation that
determine its effectiveness.
Outplanting Planting the nursery-raised seedlings into the field where these will
be left to grow.
Overseeding The practice of sowing seeds, especially of grass, in an area to
supplement the seed bank of the area.
Overhead water reservoir A reservoir of water raised above ground, usually on
pillars. It is meant to supply water under pressure in order to feed a large distribution
network or to drive sprinklers under pressure.
Participative management models The practice in an organisation that allows or
encourages the people at all levels to take part in decision making. In the context
of afforestation projects, in includes extending the decision-making process to the
intended users or the beneficiaries of the programme.
Participatory rural appraisal Assessment of the felt needs of the people, and
preparation of plans for developmental activities in rural areas, where the intended
beneficiaries take part both individually and as a group.
Peat Partially carbonised vegetable tissue formed by partial decomposition of
plants. Peat is an important ingredient of soil, giving it a good structure and fertility.
Pelleting of seeds Aggregating seeds of grass or shrubs by mixing it with wet soil,
usually clay and manure, and making lumps out of that mixture. Pelleted seeds have
the advantage that they do not get blown away by wind, or eaten by rodents. The
matrix of soil and manure surrounding the seeds creates better conditions in terms
of soil fertility and moisture retention at the time of germination.
People's participation In developmental programmes, participation of the intended
beneficiaries or the local populace in the process of decision making, planning, and
execution of such programmes. Programmes involving natural resource management
cannot succeed without people's participation since, in the long run, it is the people
who will stay in the place, and not the programme-implementing agency.
Pesticide A substance, usually toxic chemical, meant to destroy pests. Pesticides
have the problem of polluting the environment, especially if these do not break down
in short time. Use of pesticides with a very long life, such as aldrin, has been banned
in most countries.
pH value A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. It is a numerical scale
on which a value of seven represents neutrality, lower numbers indicate increasing
acidity and higher numbers indicate increasing alkalinity. The pH value of a solution