Glossary - Afforestation, Reforestation and Forest Restoration in Arid and Semi-arid Tropics - page 259

Final harvesting In case of plantations, the felling of mature trees when the trees
have reached the age of rotation. If a cyclic system of silvicultural management such
as coppice felling or coppice with standards is adopted, then the operation of final
harvesting does not have to involve clear felling.

Final yield The yield of standard and small timber, fuelwood, and other produce in
the operation of final harvesting, computed per unit area of the plantation.

Fixed wages Wages paid to workers computed on basis of number of days of work
and not on measurement of work done. Also called daily wages. ⇒ Piece-rate wages.

Flow irrigation Irrigation by means of water flowing in open channels and water
courses. This is the standard method of irrigation in agricultural crops but it is wasteful
of water and results in problems of salinity and water logging after a few years.

Flying nursery ⇒ Field nursery.

Fore bearing In surveying, the angle measured with respect to the North or a fixed
direction, of a point that has not been previously been surveyed. ⇒ Back bearing.

Forecast estimate ⇒ Estimate

Forest block A tract of forest land identified as a unit, usually defined by natural
boundaries such as streams, ridges, and valleys.
Foundation stripping In earthen dams and embankments, removal of the top
soil containing organic matter and other pervious material so as to reduce loss of
impounded water by reducing subsoil flow.

Freeboard The difference, or allowance, between the high water level and the top of
the structure, especially a dam or embankment. When there is no overflow occurring
over the structure, the allowance is called normal freeboard. When the maximum
expected discharge is passing over the spillway, the allowance is called minimum
freeboard.

Frost Sudden and severe low temperature that causes freezing of water and damage
to plants.

Frost proofing Implementing measures to protect plants against damage by frost.

Frost tender Plant species that are particularly sensitive to, and therefore more
likely to suffer damage from, frost.

Funding agency The agency providing funds to support a programme. Afforesta-
tion programmes are usually public programmes, funded by national and state
governments or international co-operation agencies.

Fungal attack Sudden invasion by fungi leading to diseased conditions in plants.

Fungicide A substance, usually poisonous, that destroys fungi or inhibits their
growth.

FYM ⇒ Farmyard manure