Glossary - Afforestation, Reforestation and Forest Restoration in Arid and Semi-arid Tropics - page 258

Bowditch rule is followed which distributes the resultant error among all the angular
and linear measurements proportionately.

Essential oil A volatile oil that gives a plant its characteristic odour. These oils are
used in perfumes, soaps, and flavourings.

Establishment costs Costs in a project incurred on running of the organisation. It
includes salaries of employees, office expenses and expenses incurred on running and
maintenance of vehicles and office equipment. The establishment costs as a fraction
of the total project costs indicate the economic efficiency of the organisation.

Estimate A statement of the approximate cost of a work. A forecast estimate is
prepared to predict the cost of the work. A detailed estimate lays down exact appor-
tionment of that cost among all the items of work and includes detailed specifications
of each item of work. A model estimate is an illustrative estimate incorporating av-
eraged rates and specifications, since it is based on assumed typical site conditions
and not on actual site conditions.

Exotic species Species not native to the place of plantation. These are brought
from another place, region or maybe country, because these may incorporate certain
special advantages, especially in terms of economic returns. Usually exotic species
will not do good to the ecology of the place.
Extension programme A programme that geographically extends the resources of
a project, by special arrangement, to persons otherwise unable to take advantage of
such resources. Also called an outreach programme.

Family In botanical study, a hierarchical group in classification of plants, the one
above a genus and below an order. The taxonomic hierarchy of the plant kingdom
is as follows: kingdom

→ division → class → order → family → genus → species

→ provenance → specimen.

Farm forestry The practice of tree farming, especially when trees used are predomi-
nantly of forestry and not of horticultural species. Under appropriate conditions, and
with good markets nearby, tree farming may give better returns than agricultural
farming, especially in case of poor soils, steep slopes, and uncertain rainfall.

Farmyard manure Bulky organic matter consisting of agricultural and animal
waste that is returned to soil either composted or raw.

Fence A barrier intended to prevent intrusion of animals and to mark the boundary
of a tract of land.

Fertiliser A substance, usually chemical, having concentrated nutrients to be added
to soil for improving soil fertility. ⇒ Manure.

Field nursery A small and temporary nursery set up specifically for meeting require-
ments of plants for plantations nearby. It is set up on short-term basis with rudimentary
infrastructure such as a thornbush fence, dug-up beds, and some temporary source
of water. It is also known as a site nursery, or a flying nursery.